Spelling lessons biography of lewis carroll

British author and scholar (1832–1898)

For other people name Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English author, poet, mathematician, photographer and grudging Anglicandeacon. His most notable works are Alice's Happenstance circumstances in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through significance Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his aptitude with word play, logic, and fantasy. His verse Jabberwocky (1871) and The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in the genre of erudite nonsense. Some of Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work on mathematical logic.

Carroll came from a family of high-churchAnglicans, and pursued coronet clerical training at Christ Church, a constituent academy of University of Oxford, where he lived grieve for most of his life as a scholar, educator and (necessarily for his academic fellowship at illustriousness time) Anglican deacon. Alice Liddell – a maid of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Religion – is widely identified as the original incitement for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this.

An avid puzzler, Carroll created the locution ladder puzzle (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 and 1881. In 1982 a memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled crash into Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated contact the enjoyment and promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was predominantly northern English, conservative, reprove high-churchAnglican. Most of his male ancestors were concourse officers or Anglican clergymen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the faith to become the Bishop of Elphin in arcadian Ireland.^[3] His paternal grandfather, also named Charles, was an army captain fatality of the Irish uprising of 1803, when his two sons were rarely more than babies.^[4] The older of these progeny, yet another Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's father. Perform went to Rugby School and then to Noble Church, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to the other kinsfolk tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a gay academic career. Instead, he became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was born on 27 January 1832 at Riot Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest youth and the third oldest of 11 children. During the time that he was 11, his father was given integrity living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, and the whole affinity moved to the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the next 25 years. Charles' father confessor was an active and highly conservative cleric cosy up the Church of England who later became magnanimity Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and involved himself, sometimes exceptionally, in the intense religious disputes that were room divider the church. He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of John Henry Newman and excellence Tractarian movement, and did his best to hint such views in his children. However, Charles quick an ambivalent relationship with his father's values submit with the Church of England as a whole.^[10]

During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at bring in. His "reading lists" preserved in the family repository testify to a precocious intellect: at the submission of seven, he was reading books such variety The Pilgrim's Progress. He also spoke with top-hole stammer – a condition shared by most signal his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his communal life throughout his years. At the age allowance twelve he was sent to Richmond School (later known as Richmond Grammar School and later orderly into the comprehensive Richmond School) in Richmond, Northern Yorkshire.

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, to what place he was evidently unhappy, as he wrote innocent years after leaving: "I cannot say ... ramble any earthly considerations would induce me to send home through my three years again ... I stool honestly say that if I could have antiquated ... secure from annoyance at night, the difficulties or suffering of the daily life would have been contingent trifles to bear."^[12] He did not claim recognized suffered from bullying, but cited little boys type the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though it is hard for those who be endowed with only known him as the gentle and bashful don to believe it, it is nevertheless accurate that long after he left school, his title was remembered as that of a boy who knew well how to use his fists escort defence of a righteous cause", which is class protection of the smaller boys.^[13]

Scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. "I have not had unadorned more promising boy at his age since Side-splitting came to Rugby", observed mathematics master R. Precarious. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being trim Compendium of Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook guarantee the young Dodgson used – still survives spreadsheet it contained an inscription in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations specified as the one found on p. 129, where explicit wrote "Not a fair question in decimals" abide by to a question.^[16]

He left Rugby at the mark of 1849 and matriculated at the University not later than Oxford in May 1850 as a member panic about his father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After put for rooms in college to become available, sand went into residence in January 1851.^[18] He locked away been at Oxford only two days when appease received a summons home. His mother had labour of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age earthly 47.^[18]

His early academic career veered between high engagement and irresistible distraction. He did not always exertion hard, but was exceptionally gifted, and achievement came easily to him. In 1852, he obtained sterling honours in Mathematics Moderations and was soon later nominated to a Studentship by his father's lower the temperature friend Canon Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In 1854, he erred first-class honours in the Final Honours School symbolize Mathematics, standing first on the list, and as follows graduated as Bachelor of Arts.^[21][22] He remained fate Christ Church studying and teaching, but the catch on year he failed an important scholarship exam duplicate his self-confessed inability to apply himself to study.^[23][24] Even so, his talent as a mathematician won him the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,^[25] which he continued to hold for the press on 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained balanced Christ Church, in various capacities, until his dying, including that of Sub-Librarian of the Christ Religion library, where his office was close to goodness Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young adult Charles Dodgson was about 6 hands (1.83 m) tall and slender, and he had curling brown hair and blue or grey eyes (depending on the account). He was described in adjacent life as somewhat asymmetrical, and as carrying in the flesh rather stiffly and awkwardly, although this might tweak on account of a knee injury sustained generate middle age. As a very young child, significant suffered a fever that left him deaf send back one ear. At the age of 17, without fear suffered a severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably responsible for his chronically weak coffer in later life. In early childhood, he procured a stammer, which he referred to as crown "hesitation"; it remained throughout his life.^[27]

The stammer has always been a significant part of the appearance of Dodgson. While one apocryphal story says go off at a tangent he stammered only in adult company and was free and fluent with children, there is pollex all thumbs butte evidence to support this idea.^[28] Many children cataclysm his acquaintance remembered the stammer, while many adults failed to notice it. Dodgson himself seems pileup have been far more acutely aware of thoroughgoing than most people whom he met; it hype said that he caricatured himself as the Ogy in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring to rule difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but that is one of the many supposed facts many a time repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains. Perform did indeed refer to himself as a oldster, but whether or not this reference was stop his stammer is simply speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did worry him, but it was never so debilitating lapse it prevented him from applying his other lonely qualities to do well in society. He cursory in a time when people commonly devised their own amusements and when singing and recitation were required social skills, and the young Dodgson was well equipped to be an engaging entertainer. Elegance could reportedly sing at a passable level duct was not afraid to do so before almanac audience. He was also adept at mimicry gift storytelling, and reputedly quite good at charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interim between his early published writings swallow the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to move in the pre-Raphaelite social circle. Illegal first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became friendly with him. Around 1863, he developed orderly close relationship with Dante Gabriel Rossetti and enthrone family. He would often take pictures of influence family in the garden of the Rossetti's territory in Chelsea, London. He also knew William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Arthur Hughes, centre of other artists. He knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was the enthusiastic reception an assortment of Alice by the young MacDonald children that sure him to submit the work for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, cathedral, and philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally anachronistic regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative. Comedian Gardner labels Dodgson as a Tory who was "awed by lords and inclined to be pretentious towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, in his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, shy, precise, intent in mathematical reverie, watchfully tenacious of his pride, stiffly conservative in political, theological, social theory, realm life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to obtain exemption from the college's standard requirement for dons at the time, Dodgson was ordained a deacon in the Church bring into play England on 22 December 1861. In The Animation and Letters of Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary is full of such unobtrusive depreciations of himself and his work, interspersed confront earnest prayers (too sacred and private to embryonic reproduced here) that God would forgive him rendering past, and help him to perform His venerated will in the future."^[32] When a friend purposely him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote bear hug response that he was a member of ethics Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully a 'High Churchman'". He added:

I find credible that when you and I come to roll about down for the last time, if only surprise can keep firm hold of the great truths Christ taught us — our own utter insignificance and His infinite worth; and that He has brought us back to our one Father, allow made us His brethren, and so brethren evaluate one another—we shall have all we need interrupt guide us through the shadows. Most assuredly Beside oneself accept to the full the doctrines you make mention of to—that Christ died to save us, that surprise have no other way of salvation open add up us but through His death, and that affluent is by faith in Him, and through ham-fisted merit of ours, that we are reconciled pile-up God; and most assuredly I can cordially discipline, "I owe all to Him who loved rubbish, and died on the Cross of Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)^[33]

Dodgson also expressed interest in other fields. He was an early member of the Society for Extrasensory Research, and one of his letters suggests stroll he accepted as real what was then titled "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of many philosophical arguments. In 1895, he developed a penetrating regressus-argument on deductive reasoning in his article "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", which appeared coach in one of the early volumes of Mind.^[35] Character article was reprinted in the same journal skilful hundred years later in 1995, with a major article by Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry presentday short stories, contributing heavily to the family periodical Mischmasch and later sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success. Between 1854 and 1856, emperor work appeared in the national publications The Comical Times and The Train, as well as tighten magazines such as the Whitby Gazette and righteousness Oxford Critic. Most of this output was over-salted, sometimes satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I have to the present time written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not include the Whitby Gazette defeat the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not despondency of doing so someday," he wrote in July 1855.^[27] Sometime after 1850, he did write hand puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which only has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March 1856, he published his first piece of work go down the name that would make him famous. Clean up romantic poem called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship of "Lewis Carroll". This alias was a play on his real name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, and Carroll an Green surname similar to the Latin name Carolus, liberate yourself from which comes the name Charles.^[7] The transition went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated into Latin trade in "Carolus Ludovicus". This was then translated back change English as "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed presage make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pseudonym was chosen coarse editor Edmund Yates from a list of brace submitted by Dodgson, the others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Louis Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell arrived at Christ Service at Oxford University, bringing with him his growing family, all of whom would figure largely happening Dodgson's life over the following years, and would greatly influence his writing career. Dodgson became accommodate friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their descendants, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Spite Liddell. He was widely assumed for many age to have derived his own "Alice" from Grudge Liddell; the acrostic poem at the end clasp Through the Looking-Glass spells out her name detect full, and there are also many superficial references to her hidden in the text of both books. It has been noted that Dodgson living soul repeatedly denied in later life that his "little heroine" was based on any real child,^[40][41] promote he frequently dedicated his works to girls relief his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poesy at the beginning of the text. Gertrude Chataway's name appears in this form at the outset of The Hunting of the Snark, and greatest extent is not suggested that this means that plebeian of the characters in the narrative are family circle on her.^[41]

Information is scarce (Dodgson's diaries for leadership years 1858–1862 are missing), but it seems clearcut that his friendship with the Liddell family was an important part of his life in class late 1850s, and he grew into the uniform of taking the children on rowing trips (first the boy, Harry, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay or Godstow.^[43]

It was on one such journey on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented decency outline of the story that eventually became jurisdiction first and greatest commercial success. He told rectitude story to Alice Liddell and she begged him to write it down, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, clear manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in Nov 1864.^[43]

Before this, the family of friend and instructor George MacDonald read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and glory enthusiasm of the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson lay at the door of seek publication. In 1863, he had taken rendering unfinished manuscript to Macmillan the publisher, who in the vein of it immediately. After the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among the Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was finally accessible as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in 1865 covered by the Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson abstruse first used some nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently thought that a published book would require the skills of a professional artist. Annotated versions provide insights into many of the ideas captain hidden meanings that are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has often proposed Freudian interpretations have a high regard for the book as "a descent into the unlighted world of the subconscious", as well as overwhelm it as a satire upon contemporary mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial success of the first Alice hardcover changed Dodgson's life in many ways.^[48][49][50] The reputation of his alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon amplitude around the world. He was inundated with winnow mail and with sometimes unwanted attention. Indeed, according to one popular story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so much that she necessary that he dedicate his next book to assimilation, and was accordingly presented with his next exert yourself, a scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Essay on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this map, commenting "... It is utterly false in every particular: nothing even resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] and kosher is unlikely for other reasons. As T. Wooden. Strong comments in a Times article, "It would have been clean contrary to all his seek to identify [the] author of Alice with excellence author of his mathematical works".^[54][55] He also began earning quite substantial sums of money but drawn-out with his seemingly disliked post at Christ Church.^[29]

Late in 1871, he published the sequel Through say publicly Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. (The appellation page of the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date of publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. Reward father's death in 1868 plunged him into systematic depression that lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of illustriousness Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his next great disused, The Hunting of the Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poem, with illustrations by Henry Holiday, exploring probity adventures of a bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who set off to underscore the snark. It received largely mixed reviews get round Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] but was enormously popular exchange of ideas the public, having been reprinted seventeen times mid 1876 and 1908,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.^[59] Maestro Dante Gabriel Rossetti reputedly became convinced that say publicly poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 years after the publication of his masterpieces, Dodgson attempted a comeback, producing a two-volume tale point toward the fairy siblings Sylvie and Bruno. Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative worlds, disposed set in rural England and the other sufficient the fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and residue. The fairytale world satirises English society and, supplementary specifically, the world of academia. Sylvie and Bruno came out in two volumes and is reputed a lesser work, although it has remained walk heavily print for over a century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form unmoving photography under the influence first of his inflammation Skeffington Lutwidge, and later of his Oxford observer Reginald Southey.^[60] He soon excelled at the detach and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed with the idea glimpse making a living out of it in government very early years.^[29]

A study by Roger Taylor enthralled Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, weather Taylor calculates that just over half of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls. Thirty surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% nominate Dodgson's original photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, boys, and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures own up children were taken with a parent in contemporary ^{[disputed – discuss]} and many of the pictures were taken in the Liddell garden because natural daylight was required for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson also found taking pictures to be a useful entrée into higher communal circles.^[64] During the most productive part of coronate career, he made portraits of notable sitters specified as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Physicist, Lord Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time think it over Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he had established his own studio on position roof of Tom Quad, created around 3,000 counterparts, and become an amateur master of the normal, though fewer than 1,000 images have survived at an earlier time and deliberate destruction. He stopped taking photographs being keeping his studio working was too time-consuming.^[66] Forbidden used the wet collodion process; commercial photographers who started using the dry-plate process in the 1870s took pictures more quickly.^[67] He often altered fillet photographs through blurring techniques or by painting sojourn them, a practice new to the nineteenth 100. He exerted his agency of this craft jam literally rewriting the text created by the manifestation to produce a new dialogue about childhood. Despite that, popular taste changed with the advent of Contemporaneity, affecting the types of photographs that he produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889. This was a cloth-backed document with twelve slots, two marked for inserting justness most commonly used penny stamp, and one wad for the other current denominations up to solitary shilling. The folder was then put into uncut slipcase decorated with a picture of Alice bulk the front and the Cheshire Cat on integrity back. It intended to organise stamps wherever sidle stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly notes underside Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing grasp is not intended to be carried in clean pocket or purse, as the most common unattached stamps could easily be carried on their floor. The pack included a copy of a thesis version of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a expressions tablet called the nyctograph that allowed note-taking set in motion the dark, thus eliminating the need to pick up out of bed and strike a light during the time that one woke with an idea. The device consisted of a gridded card with sixteen squares distinguished a system of symbols representing an alphabet break into Dodgson's design, using letter shapes similar to interpretation Graffiti writing system on a Palm device.^[71]

He too devised a number of games, including an inappropriate version of what today is known as Scribble. Devised sometime in 1878, he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form of brain-teaser meander is still popular today, changing one word demeanour another by altering one letter at a purpose, each successive change always resulting in a original word.^[72] For instance, CAT is transformed into Hound by the following steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first appeared in the 29 March 1879 issue of Vanity Fair, with Carroll writing a- weekly column for the magazine for two years; the final column dated 9 April 1881.^[73] Character games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were integrity subject of Martin Gardner's March 1960 Mathematical Fun column in Scientific American.

Other items include well-organized rule for finding the day of the hebdomad for any date; a means for justifying pastel margins on a typewriter; a steering device beg for a velociman (a type of tricycle); fairer dissolution rules for tennis tournaments; a new sort allround postal money order; rules for reckoning postage; engage for a win in betting; rules for division a number by various divisors; a cardboard exemplar for the Senior Common Room at Christ Cathedral which, held next to a glass, ensured nobility right amount of liqueur for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip to fasten envelopes achieve something mount things in books; a device for carve a bedridden invalid to read from a jotter placed sideways; and at least two ciphers imply cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed alternative systems of parliamentary portrayal. He proposed the so-called Dodgson's method, using say publicly Condorcet method.^[74] In 1884, he proposed a well-proportioned judic representation system based on multi-member districts, each citizen casting only a single vote, quotas as requirements to take seats, and votes transferable jam candidates through what is now called Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within the academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson distressed primarily in the fields of geometry, linear tolerate matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational mathematics, shaping nearly a dozen books under his real reputation. Dodgson also developed new ideas in linear algebra (e.g., the first printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and the study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of this swipe was not published until well after his kill. His occupation as Mathematical Lecturer at Christ Communion gave him some financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work exclaim the field of mathematical logic attracted renewed worried in the late 20th century. Martin Gardner's hard-cover on logic machines and diagrams and William Hole Bartley's posthumous publication of the second part illustrate Dodgson's symbolic logic book have sparked a look at of Dodgson's contributions to symbolic logic.^[79][80][81] It in your right mind recognised that in his Symbolic Logic Part II, Dodgson introduced the Method of Trees, the primary modern use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to the alternating sign shape conjecture, now a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The discovery look the 1990s of additional ciphers that Dodgson esoteric constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he had employed sophisticated mathematical ideas in vogue their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote and received as many tempt 98,721 letters, according to a special letter list which he devised. He documented his advice remember how to write more satisfying letters in unadorned missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words all but Letter-Writing", published in 1890.^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained round about changed over the last twenty years of fulfil life, despite his growing wealth and fame. Elegance continued to teach at Christ Church until 1881 and remained in residence there until his fatality. Public appearances included attending the West End lyrical Alice in Wonderland (the first major live manufacturing of his Alice books) at the Prince slope Wales Theatre on 30 December 1886.^[86] The volumes of his last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 and 1893, but leadership intricacy of this work was apparently not pleasant by contemporary readers; it achieved nothing like picture success of the Alice books, with disappointing reviews and sales of only 13,000 copies.^[87][88]

The only celebrated occasion on which he travelled abroad was wonderful trip to Russia in 1867 as an priestly, together with the Reverend Henry Liddon. He recounts the travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published in 1935.^[89] On his become rancid to Russia and back, he also saw distinctive cities in Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland and Lietuva, and France.

In his early sixties, Dodgson more and more suffered from synovitis which eventually prevented him uninspiring and sometimes left him bed-ridden for months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson convulsion of pneumonia following influenza on 14 January 1898 at his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in the county of Surrey, just four period before the death of Henry Liddell. He was two weeks away from turning 66 years a range of. His funeral was held at the nearby Jump down Mary's Church.^[91] His body was buried at class Mount Cemetery in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at Repeated Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Secret World of Author Carroll (2015) BBC documentary

A BBC documentary from 2015, The Secret World of Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell and her sisters. It explored the possibility that Dodgson's rift cede the Liddell family (and his temporary suspension disseminate the college) might have been caused by unsuitable relations with their children, including Alice. The investigating for the documentary found a "disturbing" full adornment nude of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" of Dodgson task force the photo. However, it was later revealed rendering timeline for this research had more than fall over the eye. The photo currently exists in rendering archives of the Musée Cantini in Marseille, queue was attributed to Dodgson by a currently secret hand.^[95] It was subsequently revealed in early 2015 by the Carroll scholar Edward Wakeling that rectitude photo first appeared in the 1970s, when reward was owned by Parisian photo collectors. The start of the photo's link to Dodgson could just questioned. It was left to the Musée support Cantini. There was no link to Dodgson, delighted no link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained in the documentary. The documentary upraised suspicions about Dodgson being a "repressed paedophile",^[93] significance one of the interviewees, Will Self, put criterion. This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph cool week in advance.^[97] When reviewing the documentary, document sought to link the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about recent paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an act of scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's early 2010 Yewtree investigations. When problems about glory documentary's conduct and research surfaced, The Times become peaceful The Telegraph reported it.^[99][100]

The material in the movie has come under intense scrutiny by Carroll scholars, including those such as Jenny Woolf and Prince Wakeling, who appeared in it. Woolf claimed go she was not told of the use make out the alleged photo until editing of the flick was underway.^[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or club wise words on documentary making" [1] appeared pimple March 2015 as part of the Lewis Dodgson society newsletter Bandersnatch. Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not given time to malarkey about the alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The movie knew I could authenticate [the photo] or whoop, but they chose to keep it from wave as they anticipated my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, class BBC's failure to tell participants of the foundation photo, and several factual errors.^[96] Wakeling draws interest to the irregular "trimmed" nature of the slide itself, and no trace of Dodgson's writing. Class inscription on the back of the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an unknown lunch-hook. so it could have been written by anybody". The photo negative is also missing the correctly catalogue number that Dodgson meticulously catalogued his images under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add skilful number on the back of any prints which he had developed". Wakeling also points out make certain Dodgson never made "full frontal studies...particularly a miss as mature as this.. There's no way blue blood the gentry Liddells would have allowed a picture of that kind to have been taken."^[96] It is of late unknown whether this photo is by Dodgson, unheard of who wrote the pencil inscription on the invest in of it and for what reason. The exposure was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné get into Dodgson's complete surviving photographs ^[102] and has remained unused by other subsequent documentaries on Dodgson.^[103]

The BBC Trust later ruled that the documentary could keen be shown on UK TV in its in fashion form again, as the BBC failed to announce participants of the photo's appearance during filming recall give them time to fully react to it.^[100][99]

Speculation of sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated that Dodgson's interest in lineage might have had an "erotic" element, including Jazzman N. Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1995),^[104]Donald Thomas in his Lewis Carroll: A Outline with Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in rulership Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1996).^{[citation needed]} Cohen, subordinate particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought tremendous outlets", and further writes:

We cannot know nurse what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's vote for drawing and photographing children in the in the raw. He contended the preference was entirely aesthetic. On the contrary given his emotional attachment to children as go well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms, top assertion that his interest was strictly artistic comment naïve. He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself.^[105]

Cohen goes on permission note that Dodgson "apparently convinced many of empress friends that his attachment to the nude motherly child form was free of any eroticism", nevertheless adds that "later generations look beneath the surface" (p. 229). He argues that Dodgson may have hot to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell and prowl this was the cause of the unexplained "break" with the family in June 1863,^[29]an event straighten out which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Naturalist and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short of terming Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries and papers), but they concur that stylishness had a passion for small female children topmost next to no interest in the adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".^[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points out dump perception of Dodgson this way in the Ordinal century was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories. Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a merchandise of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytic [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books in the 1930s were a product of dinky specific moment and movement... The discourses that Hilarious traced in journalism and in some biographies, rove Carroll was emotionally arrested, a repressed paedophile, devise obsessive, stammering social reject... -- have more serve do with our own attitudes to childhood distinguished celebrity than they do to the culture Dodgson lived through.^[107][108]

Several other writers and scholars suppress challenged the evidential basis for Cohen's and others' views about Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour. Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's child photography propitious the "Victorian Child Cult", which perceived child nakedness as essentially an expression of innocence.^[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries that unmask an appreciation for adult women, as well whilst their appearance in art and theatre, even "vulgar" entertainment. Dodgson's nieces removed such references from prematurely manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references posture children, because such appreciation was not controversial tackle the time. Lebailly claims that studies of offspring nudes were mainstream and fashionable in Dodgson's interval and that most photographers made them as a-okay matter of course, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander lecturer Julia Margaret Cameron. Lebailly continues that child nudes even appeared on Victorian Christmas cards, implying out very different social and aesthetic assessment of specified material. Lebailly concludes that it has been phony error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, and to receive presented it as some form of personal bizarreness, when it was a response to a customary aesthetic and philosophical movement of the time.^{[111][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular custom his controversial interest in nude children. She argues that the allegations of paedophilia rose initially raid a misunderstanding of Victorian morals, as well though the mistaken idea – fostered by Dodgson's many biographers – that he had no interest unimportant person adult women. She termed the traditional image censure Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention confess the large amounts of evidence in his paper and letters that he was also keenly sympathetic in adult women, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them that would have archaic considered scandalous by the social standards of sovereign time. She also pointed to the fact put off many of those whom he described as "child-friends" were girls in their late teens and level twenties.^[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only many years after his death, when dominion well-meaning family had suppressed all evidence of empress relationships with women in an effort to keep safe his reputation, thus giving a false impression manipulate a man interested only in little girls. In like manner, Leach points to a 1932 biography by Langford Reed as the source of the dubious make ground that many of Carroll's female friendships ended conj at the time that the girls reached the age of 14.^[113]

Ordination

Dodgson esoteric been groomed for the ordained ministry in influence Church of England from a very early queue, and was expected to be ordained within years of obtaining his master's degree as undiluted condition of his residency at Christ Church. Lighten up delayed the process for some time but was eventually ordained as a deacon on 22 Dec 1861, but when the time came a class later to be ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean for permission not argue with proceed. This was against college rules and, first, Dean Liddell told him that he would control to consult the college ruling body, which would almost certainly have resulted in his being expelled. For unknown reasons, Liddell changed his mind fleeting and permitted him to remain at the school in defiance of the rules.^[114] Dodgson never became a priest, unique among senior students of rulership time.

There is currently no conclusive evidence increase in value why Dodgson rejected the priesthood. Some have implicit that his stammer made him reluctant to meticulous the step because he was afraid of taking accedence to preach.^[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson recitation difficulty in reading lessons and prayers rather fondle preaching in his own words.^[116] However Dodgson sincere indeed preach in later life, even though crowd together in priest's orders, so it seems unlikely ensure his impediment was a major factor affecting enthrone choice. Wilson also points out that the Ecclesiastic of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, locked away strong views against clergy going to the theatre-in-the-round, one of Dodgson's great interests. He was kind in minority forms of Christianity (he was necessitate admirer of F. D. Maurice) and "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[117] Dodgson became deeply troubled by an inscrutable sense of sin and guilt at this put off (the early 1860s), and frequently expressed the cabaret in his diaries that he was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of the priesthood, scold this sense of sin and unworthiness may toss have informed his decision to abandon being designed to the priesthood.^[118]

Missing diaries

At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of text are lacking from Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[119] The loss of nobleness volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been impertinent by an unknown hand. Most scholars assume avoid the diary material was removed by family people in the interests of preserving the family honour, but this has not been proven.^[120] Except tight spot one page, material is missing from his instrument for the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[121][122] During this term, Dodgson began experiencing great mental and spiritual curse and confessing to an overwhelming sense of authority own sin. This was also the period pattern time when he composed his extensive love 1 leading to speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[123][124]

Many theories have been put forward to explain depiction missing material. A popular explanation for one deficient page (27 June 1863) is that it energy have been torn out to conceal a suggestion of marriage on that day by Dodgson come to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has on no account been any evidence to suggest this, and clean up paper suggests evidence to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach in the Dodgson stock archive in 1996.^{[125][better source needed]}

This paper is known as prestige "cut pages in diary" document. Carroll's nephew Prince Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it victoriously after Carroll's death, based on information from sovereignty aunts, who destroyed two diary pages, including greatness one for 27 June 1863. Jacques did not quite see the pages himself.^[126] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell told Dodgson give was gossip circulating about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well as about his satisfaction with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with the Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably in response to that gossip.^[127][125] Without evidence, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the name of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial and unanticipated is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's break with the family was not connected spare Alice at all. Until a primary source recapitulate discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 drive remain in doubt; however, a 1930 letter cause the collapse of the younger Lorina Liddell to Alice may disturb light on the matter. Reporting an interview work to rule an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I whispered his manner became too affectionate to you by reason of you grew older, and that mother spoke picture him about it, and that offended him and over he ceased coming to visit us again – as one had to find some reason ferry all intercourse ceasing . . . Mr. Rotation used to take you on his knee . . . I did not say that.^[128]

Migraine limit epilepsy

In his diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of migraine with aura, story very accurately the process of "moving fortifications" think about it are a manifestation of the aura stage thoroughgoing the syndrome.^[129] There is no clear evidence end up show whether this was his first experience show evidence of migraine per se or he previously had righteousness far more common form of migraine without feeling, although the latter seems most likely, given representation fact that migraine most commonly develops in loftiness teens or early adulthood. Another form of hemicrania aura called Alice in Wonderland syndrome has bent named after Dodgson's book of the same designation and its titular character, because its manifestation get close resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. House is also known as micropsia and macropsia, capital brain condition affecting the way that objects clutter perceived by the mind. For example, an uppish person may look at a larger object much as a basketball and perceive it as obtaining the size of a golf ball. Some authors have suggested that Dodgson experienced this type ticking off aura and used it as an inspiration have his work, but there is no evidence stray he did.^[130][131]

Dodgson also had two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by spruce up Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, challenging they believed the attack and a consequent summary to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought view be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Few have concluded from this that he had that condition for his entire life, but there obey no evidence of this in his diaries bey the diagnosis of the two attacks already mentioned.^[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have advisable that Carroll had temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is not always completely lost but contrasting, and in which the symptoms mimic many make a fuss over the same experiences as Alice in Wonderland. Dodgson had at least one incident in which recognized suffered full loss of consciousness and awoke break a bloody nose, which he recorded in potentate diary and noted that the episode left him not feeling himself for "quite sometime afterward". That attack was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform", and Dodgson himself later wrote of his "seizures" in excellence same diary.

Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not available in the 19th century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at the Can Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her drain, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery replica Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely abstruse migraine and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt get your skates on making a diagnosis of epilepsy without further information.^[132]

Legacy

There are societies in many parts of the globe dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of top works and the investigation of his life.^[133]

Copenhagen Organization in Islington, north London is the location cherished the Lewis Carroll Children's Library.^[134]

In 1982, his grandnephew unveiled a memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.^[135] In January 1994, an angulate, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered and named after Author. The Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood near his bassinet in Daresbury opened in 2000.^[136]

As Carroll was whelped in All Saints' Vicarage, he is commemorated oral cavity All Saints' Church, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Decency Lewis Carroll Centre, attached to the church, was opened in March 2012.^[137]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus late Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)
• The Fifth Book of Geometer Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)
• An Elementary Treatise sustain Determinants, With Their Application to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraic Equations
• Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879), both literary and mathematical in style
• Symbolic Logic Fundamental nature I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
• The Game of Logic (1887)
• Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
• Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
• A discussion of the various arrangements of procedure in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions whereas to the best method of taking votes, in more than two issues are to be established on (1874), A method of taking votes disturb more than two issues (1876), collected as The Theory of Committees and Elections, edited, analysed, reprove published in 1958 by Duncan Black

Other works

See also