Baybars biography of albert

Beybars(about / ) &#; al-Malikaz-ZaһirRukn-ad-din Beybars I al-Bunduktari al-Salih, Mameluk(military class of medieval Egypt, recruited proud youth slaves of Turkic and Caucasian origin) magnanimity Sultan of Egypt and Syria () of Altaic (Kipchak) origin, a prominent military and statesman clasp medieval Egypt.

Biography

Although data on the political life avail yourself of Baybars in Syria and Egypt were sufficient, document about his childhood and kind is very petty. At the same time, data on Beibars jar be found from the works of his fathering and medieval Arab authors, especially from the frown of Muhammad bin Ali Ibrahim bin Shaddad al-Halabi (born ), “Syrah al-zahir Beibars” (“The Life of Zahir Beibars” &#;) and Mokhi addin Abdollah bin Abd al-Zahir bin Nishvan Al-Khazami Al-Masri (born )&#; Arrauda az-zahir fi az-malik az-Zahir &#;(&#; The strike garden of life al-alik az Zahira ”[1, p. ].

Ibn Shaddad Add-on was one of Baybars&#;s closest people, like Mohi ad-din Abd al-Zahir. It was this man who became the personal clerk of the Sultan who wrote the message of the Sultan to glory Golden Horde ruler Berke Khan. And Abd al-Zahir was a palace clerk, with his hands underneath directed by the strict control of the Sultan, a account of Baybars was written. Due to the fait accompli that he could not exceed the requirements unravel the Sultan, who did not want to dispose of information about childhood and the period of servitude in the history (Mamluk), the author avoided several important issues in his work.

However, Abd al-Zahir discern the preamble of his book wrote only acquaintance line regarding this issue: &#;This is the Akund of swat, Malik al-Zahir Rukn ad-din Abu-l Fattah Beibars bin Abdullah al-Salih al-Nejmi, he was fortunate to come adequate the great Sultan Salih Nejmetdin Ayyub from Syria from character Turkic tribes &#;barls&#; [2].

Al-Makrizi also wrote in enthrone work “As-Suluk”: “Baybars Turk. It was bought coarse Malik al-Salih Najmetdin Ayyub. &#;The 14th-century Egyptian author al-Aini crush his work Ikdu al-juman fi tarihahl az-zaman (&#; The Pearl selected the Population of Time &#;), referring to Baybars&#;s word&#; Min Burdjoglu Kabilyatun min Turk &#; , says that the sultan from the Burj tribe. Al-Idrisi wrote that the Burj tribe inhabits the northernmost of the Black Sea [1, p. ].

In State chronicles of the XI-XII centuries. It is meant among the Polovtsy (Kipchaks) were the descendants as a result of the Burshevich. Kazakh researchers associate the name have a high regard for the Burj tribe with the Berish tribe, which is part of the modern Kazakh people. Blue blood the gentry analysis of historical data indicates that at turn time the berish clan lived in the Crimean region (at present, the berish in particular high opinion settled in the Atyrau region) [3].

It is moist that the symbol of the Berish tribe quite good an arrow, originally very similar to the sign of the Arshakid dynasty of the Iranian-speaking race of the guy who inhabited the north make stronger the Caspian [4, p. 34]. The Arshakid blood ( BC &#; AD) is known to remark the dynasty that ruled Parthia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Peninsula and Caucasian Albania. At the beginning of too late era and in the early Middle Ages, righteousness upper Kuban, along with the Circassian-Adyge tribes, was inhabited by another Iranian-speaking tribe &#; the Sarmatian-Alans. From the beginning of the VI century, honesty Turks of the Western Turkic Kaganate began accede to enter this region [4, p. 35]. Soon nobleness region passed into the hands of the kaganate and was part of several Turkic states rove became heirs of the kaganate.

In Russian chronicles observe the XI-XII centuries. It is written among prestige Polovtsy (Kipchaks) were the descendants of the Burshevich. Kazakh researchers associate the name of the Burj tribe with the Berish tribe, which is surround of the modern Kazakh people. The analysis diagram historical data indicates that at that time depiction berish clan lived in the Crimean region (at present, the berish in particular is settled do the Atyrau region) [3].

It is interesting that birth symbol of the Berish tribe is an shaft indicator, originally very similar to the symbol of class Arshakid dynasty of the Iranian-speaking tribe of honourableness guy who inhabited the north of the Lake [4, p. 34]. The Arshakid dynasty ( BC &#; AD) is known to be the 1 that ruled Parthia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iberia and Tongue Albania. At the beginning of our era dominant in the early Middle Ages, the upper Kuban, along with the Circassian-Adyge tribes, was inhabited coarse another Iranian-speaking tribe &#; the Sarmatian-Alans. From honesty beginning of the VI century, the Turks be a devotee of the Western Turkic Kaganate began to enter that region [4, p. 35]. Soon the region passed into the hands of the kaganate and was part of several Turkic states that became scions of the kaganate.

The fate of the Uigurs, Kyrgyz, Turks, Oguzes, Pechenegs, Khazars, Karluks and Kimaks, who recreated the glory of the Hun Empire challenging the Turkic Haganate, was not reliable. However, nobleness Turks, who inhabited a relatively large steppe section, could not create their own states, at littlest temporarily. As a result of lengthy political word in a traditional settlement after the collapse pressure the Turkic Kaganate, various Turkic ethnic groups, hunt to create separate state structures, began to reorganization. According to B. Kumekov, “the deepening and operation of ethnic ties in Desht-i Kipchak influenced the constitute of Kipchaks and the humiliation of ethnic presentday cultural features in the region. A single tribal region, economic approach, social relations and a prosaic language facilitated the communication of Kipchaks with burden ethnic groups. Due to the increased political avoirdupois of the Kypchaks, many other ethnic groups mushroom tribes called themselves “Kipchaks” and adopted this ethnonym ”[5, p. 45]. For this reason, the Berish clan had one marking with the Iranian turmoil of the Arshakid ruler and this needs added in-depth research.

Baybars&#; father is Zhamak, and his is Einek, the Berbensky Kipchak. According to some scholars of Egyptian history, it was bought as nifty child in the Desht and Kypchak steppes cope with accepted into a separate detachment of Sultan Salih Najim ad-Din from the Ayyubid dynasty. Initially, Baybars discretional to sell himself to a merchant in Damascus for dirhams. But he discovered a flaw stop off Baybars&#; eyes and refused to buy it. Bolster it was acquired by the lord Aydakin Al-Bundukdari and, by tradition, the new Mamluk Beibarys Al-Bundukdari was named. Then Beybars, occupying the post of royal, appointed the former owner of Al-Bundukdari ruler manage Damascus [6, p. ].

Strengthening of nomadic life, wars with neighboring states during this period caused glory mass resettlement of the Türks in the 1 zone of the settled. In anticipation of depiction conquest of the territory of the settled peoples of Central Asia, nomads entered into various cultural uprisings in their regions. They were subjected outline mutual seizure due to the growing need muster pastures and pastures of livestock, the weak were forced to cede their possessions to the rivals-winners, and herds of cattle were looking for newborn pastures and were occupied by relatively free angle. In addition, in connection with the development watch trade in nomads, competition for the possession glimpse cities in the south caused the arrival do in advance Turkic nomads in this region.

Thus, the Türks, who pushed the economic need, were forced to proviso the relatively empty territory of the settled, intend cattle pastures.

At the end of the 11th c the borders of the movement and the deter of the nomadic territory were clearly defined. Way in such conditions, they were blinded by relatively unpeopled places in the south. Former owners of these lands did not easily give them to nobility Turks. However, the nomads in these clashes marked in favor of their political goals. An assessment of historical data shows that the increase play a part their need for livestock pastures and the wish for for trade and economic relations with settled peoples, along with the political events taking place feature Central Asia, facilitated the migration of Turks fall upon relatively empty places, leaving their territories. The central goal of the Oguzes attack on Mavrennahr, Khorezm, Khorasan, Dzhurdzhan in the X century was crowd only the seizure of livestock pastures and prisoners, but also the pursuit of trade relations familiarize yourself the southern neighbors. According to B. Kumekov, “The transfer of Kimak tribes to the settled areas in the north of the Saman state arose by the need for trade relations with them” [5, p. ].

Historical figures of Turkic origin difficult to understand different ways to achieve a political career breach other countries of the world, especially in Muhammadan countries.

According to medieval Arab studies, the Turks conclude that time also experienced a moral crisis. Execute example, in one of these facts about Karluks: “there are temples on the walls of which rulers are depicted. Karluks are spoiled; sins blank not forbidden. While playing gambling, we placed bets on wives, and even on children ”[8, owner. 96]. L. N. Gumilyov wrote about the disaster of religious ideology: “The decrease in the passionary energy of the population leads to decay &#; the last phase of the ethnic system. Nobility morale of the people was weakened and frank not want to fight. Prefer peace. The edition of people who are not happy with that than people gathered near the ruler has accrued. People became addicted to entertainment. Theft spread betwixt the nomads, in battles they easily surrendered advice the enemy for the sake of life” [9, proprietor. ].

Even the inscriptions of Kultegin say that “you wandered around all the Turkic countries. Wandering to the fullest extent a finally surviving, ”it is obvious that they were chartered soldiers of the Turks in neighboring countries.

Turkic tribes that survived not only political stagnation, but further a spiritual crisis, now of their own at liberty will, sometimes as prisoners of war, were chartered as slaves in neighboring states. As a upshot of the political clash, there were many Altaic slaves and slaves who were taken to spanking countries. In Islam, Turk men were used surround military positions, women were kept as housekeepers. Riposte medieval sources it is written that “Turkic girls are beautiful, tender, fair-faced. They are narrow-eyed, nevertheless charming. Most of average height. Few girls increase in value tall. They give birth a lot. Children entrap born beautiful and riders. They are neat, they cook well. They tend to waste, but uphold not sure” [8, p. 96].

Nevertheless, the Turkic slaves, gratitude to their natural fighting qualities, were more make it in military affairs than in the low places or roles inherent in slaves. In this regard, the Turks who initially held low positions, eventually participated move military affairs, and achieved a significant state career.

Nizam al-Mulk describes the military career of a Altaic slave in the Samanid palace: “For one period, he has been serving as a slave. Amalgamation this time, he wore clothes made of Zendan fabric (the so-called mesnosti in Bukhara). A collection later, in agreement with the Hadjib, the attitude of the tent (visak), the usual cap post the Turkic name are assigned. In the ordinal year he received a special belt (karashor). Esoteric in the fifth year, the saddle was more, decorated with a stars bridle, received more lowcost clothes and a baton. In the sixth crop he received ceremonial clothes, in the seventh epoch the rank of “pashak bashi”, a black felt envelop and ganja clothes decorated with silver symbolized influence dignity of the pendant of a shoe. Evenly, he received the title of “hailbashi” (the attitude of the detachment) and reached the rank rot “hajib” [8, p. 97]. On such a scale 1 of power, the Turks Aitak al-Khazari, who began his career as an assistant cook under khalif al-Mu&#;tasim, became the commander of the palace sphere in Samara.

According to Al-Omari&#;s notes, the Turks who fled from the Kypchak steppe are distinguished rough their conscientiousness, heroism, harmony and nobility. Many commanders of Turkic origin served in the caliphate legions, like Afshin Bukh the Elder, his son Musa, Vasif, the younger Bukh, Salyk, Ibn Vasif, Muhammad ibn Bukh, Baikbek, Minkajavr al Fergani, Zerek. [8, p. 97]. Excellence Turks, who achieved a high military career, off and on tried to seize secular power in the get your skates on of the Caliph. Already in the 9th 100 in Baghdad, the power of the Abbasids was limited to the Turkic commanders of the fastness. Caliphs who showed weakness sometimes became a gewgaw in their hands. &#;When Mustain sat on influence throne (), influential people called astronomers and asked:&#; Tell me! How long will this caliph survive and how long will he rule? &#; Consequently one jolly man standing there said: “I bottle better predict astronomers, rule as many as magnanimity Turks want” [8, p. 97]. From this list, one can realize the significance of the Türks in the caliphate.

Another Turkic slave, Muhammad ibn Abu Saj Saj Afshin, was the ruler of the caliphate feigned Azerbaijan and Armenia in After he declared yourselves an independent ruler from the caliphate. Then surmount relative Yusuf continued the anti-Caliphist struggle, seizing crush. In , the Saji were defeated in battles at the Ardebil Gate. Saji issued their fortune, silver coins regardless of the caliphate [8, possessor. 97]. The state created in this way was the Ghaznavid state, the founder of which was the Turkic slave Sabuktegin.

Merits

Thus, the personal life duct political activities of Baybars are closely connected co-worker the political and social situation of that purpose in the Great Steppe, stretching from Altai success the Black Sea. In a comparative analysis scholarship the data on the life of Baybars reprove the materials of medieval authors related to prestige topic, we see that a similar degree take possession of personality was not achieved easily. Baybars, due survive its fighting ability, was seen by other rulers. From the very beginning, he proved himself beg for just a slave, but a warrior.

Baybars grew cross a very dexterous, nimble young man. In , during feudal disputes, the Sultan al-Salih immediately detected these properties, together with other Mamelukes, he took the Sultan from the Sultan and appointed him his own detachment as a sardar in put the finishing touches to group. But after the death of Salih, crown son Turan Shah and his heir Aybek began to trust the Mamelukes less.

At that time, Beibars was among the organizers of a conspiracy dispute the Turan Shah, who tried to get disburden of the Mamelukes and was an accomplice fashionable his murder. The new Sultan Mu&#;iaz ad-Din Aibek (), having come to the throne, ordered take in hand sentence the participants in the assassination to passing. In this regard, Baybars was forced to pigskin, and left Syria. After the Mamluks killed Aybek, Baybars returned to Cairo.

The new Sultan () Muzaffar Saif al-Din Kutuz, after receiving Baghdad, Beibars () instructs to lead a campaign against the troops holiday the Mongol-Turkic dynasty of hulaguids who ruled Persia, seeking to conquer Syria and Egypt. In high-mindedness battle of Ain Zhalut, Baybars distinguished himself with emperor courage. Further attacks by the troops to Hulag did not yield results. Envious of the deed of Baybars, Sultan Kutuz made a huge office to the rulers, and left him without singlemindedness. Baybars, by his disagreement with an unfair preference, secretly made an agreement with the rulers, extremity kills Sultan Kutuz on the way back stop working Cairo. The rulers declaring Baybars the sultan racket Egypt, at the end of Baybars solemnly entered Cairo. To the official name of Baybars was added the title “Rukn ad-Din” (“Reliance of Religion”). This title was awarded for successful wars realize the crusaders [6, p. ].

Upon coming to hold sway, Beybars directed all efforts to prepare for attacks against the Crusade. Since , one after concerning, he began to take the fortresses of nobility sacred. In , they made campaigns against nobility Lesser Armenian Kingdom, in against the Asia Slender Seljuks. In the early years of Islam, just as Beybars was the ruler of Egypt, Muslim fortune began to revolt with the weakening of description caliphate. The eighth crusade, organized from Europe, began in Baybars not only stopped this crusade, on the contrary also again freed the territory that had heretofore been conquered. In he liberated Safad, in Antakya, in Khisyn Al-Akkrad, in Armenian Cilicia. After waning the influence of the Crusades and the Seljuks, an alliance with the Golden Horde reigned look onto Iran and Iraq against the Hulagu dynasty, skilful descendant of Genghis Khan, the ruler of greatness Ilkhanid state that dominates Iraq.

The Türks and Mongols who conquered Iran before the arrival of Hulagu, initially had close relations with the Juchi ulus. Goodness seized lands were used as a whole monkey the common property of the Genghis Khan family. Noyons and princes of Jochi took part hurt the conquest of Iran [8, p]. After say publicly conquest of Iran by Hulag, part of probity rights remained in Iran, the city to representation sons of Jochi. The conflict between Berke professor Hulagu was the cause, not the cause decelerate the death of the Caliph and the feat of the rights of the sons of Jochi. Despite the fact that economic, political, cultural phenomena between Iran and the Golden Horde developed on the run the same way. The Kypchak steppe in gothic historical works is called Kypshakbashi. In the &#;Book of Olzhayt&#; in , an ambassador from rectitude Uzbek Ulus, king Kypshakbashi arrived in the metropolis of Sultaniye [8, p]. Esenbuga Ogul sent a catch the eye to the Uzbek Ulus that Temirkhan does throng together correspond to the kingdom of Ulus Jochi, the strength of character of Kypshakbashi is transferred to Mankyda. From that data it is not difficult to observe think about it active political relations have developed between the Palmy Horde and the ilkhan ulus.

After Hulagu took Baghdad become peaceful destroyed the state of the Abbasids, and fought with Egypt, they encountered the descendants of Jochi. Its main reason was Azerbaijani pastures, which confidential Mongolian riders wintering. Before Hulag, this land belonged to the Golden Horde. In addition, Berke necessary that the Caspian winters and cities be transferred for their military assistance to Hulag. In , with the adoption of the ulus of Berke Islam, diplomatic relations began with Egypt and high-mindedness Golden Horde, exchanged embassies. For Jochi, the Derbent ferry was a trade route. However, after nobility death of Hulagu, the situation with the Jochi ulus improved again [8, p].

In general, there are feasible ethnic reasons why Baybars was in solidarity be equivalent the Golden Horde. Since the Golden Horde became a state that arose instead of Baybars&#; country of origin &#; Deshti-Kipchak. In the land dispute between righteousness Khan of the Golden Horde, Berke and illustriousness ruler of the state of Ilkhan, Hulagu, nobleness Mamluks supported Berke. Berke tells his army: &#;If it is impossible to return the troops anticipation the Golden Horde, then go to Mameluk Egypt.&#; Between Egypt and the Golden Horde during Beibars until the 15th century. friendships have developed. Languish fifty ambassadors were visited between Cairo and Sarai for years. Then under Toktamysh recreated alliance among Egypt, Ottomania, the Golden Horde was simultaneously supported by Sultan Beybars. He supported the adoption surrounding Islam by the Golden Horde.

After receiving the condition of the Sultan, Beybars sought to establish courteous relations with the Golden Horde ruler Berke. According to Amin al-Holi, during the reign of Foremost Beybars in Deshti-Kipchak, 8 diplomatic ambassadors were visited [1, p. ]. This union survived until excellence collapse of the Golden Horde. It would suspect unfair to associate only with political reasons, what because political relations have passed for such a make do time. This, ultimately, was the common interest read the Mamluk-Kypchaks, who called Egypt &#;Kypchak Egypt.&#; So, even after Baybars, they strive not to have a break their homeland from Kypchak, called &#;Altyn Horde&#;, inconclusive they left the Mamluk-Kypchak dynasty.

In Arabic chronicles, Since (German) Mohammed writes about the participation of the ambassadors of Berke Khan at the Sunni wedding longedfor the son of the Sultan: “The Sultan (Beibars) invited Padishah Berke and his ambassador Yafa, who was a guest in his palace as a-okay witness. They gladly welcomed this invitation and went to the wedding ”[1, p. ].

He was influence Sultan of Egypt and provided great support approximately immigrants from the Golden Horde. Al-Omari said: &#;The kings came out of them (the Egyptian sultans came out of the Turkic Mamluks), and as well contributed to the multiplication of their relatives, wallet they comprehensively supported those who came to Empire. From them came the military leaders of tiara land (Egypt), biya. [1 , p. ] Tackle the Turks who came to Egypt, Beybars gave land plots near the gates of Cairo close by the Al-Luk fortress [1, p. ].

In response tell off a message from Burke, he sends an ex cathedra embassy to the Golden Horde, led by Seyfetdin Kusharbek and lawyer Mejeddin. Beibars, together with an authoritative letter, sent &#;the genealogy of the Sultan, gestural by Tazhaddin&#; [1, p. ]. Thus, Baybars groan only called for their struggle against the “atheists,” but also wanted to restore contact with Golden Horde relatives.

The Egyptian Mamluks contained specialists who had escaped from Deshti-Kipchak, who knew the Kipchak language as translators. Ignorance of the Egyptian rulers of the Turkic language led them to that action [8, p].

Sultan Beybars died in hijri impersonation the 28th day of the month of Moharram (May 2, ). He ruled the country implication about 17 years. After his death, his atmosphere Nasyraddin sat on the throne. However, the progeny of Baybars could not hold power for fine long time. Mamluk rulers who sought power join his sons and, finally, the next ruler Seyfuddin Kalauin, from the Kipchak clan, came to power. Beybars died July 1, in the city of Damascus and is buried under the dome of ethics library of al-Zaharia. His remains were placed erroneousness the grave of Bab-ul-Barid in Damascus [10].

During empress reign, the country&#;s socio-economic situation developed. According stopper contemporaries, the sultan loved horse games, hunting, viewpoint competitions. The Sultan is known for its obviousness and religion. They always paid attention to greatness poor, helped, took care of orphans and took them into their care.

In each city he kept a standing army. He strengthened order in prestige state, and finally stopped the mutual clashes engaging place near the Palace. Under the Sultan, magnanimity Mamluk state developed. Merchants from all over decency world began to come to the Mamluks. Bridges were built over all rivers and one refuge in each city. Canals and dams were serviced [11].

In the domestic politics of the country, Paramount Beybars adhered to a visionary policy. He reinforce the position of the Muslim state, did straight lot for prosperity. In the era of Baybars, Egypt turned into a prosperous country. In servant politics, suppressing internal uprisings and rebellions, firmly fastened the foundation of the country. In the lawful field, Sultan Beybars made unprecedented changes.

In the statutory field, Sultan Beybars made unprecedented changes. He adapted judges of all four Sunni mazhabs. He unusual the Al-Azhar mosque, significantly changed it, and scatological it into a large educational institution, where lecture from different countries came to mosques and madrassas. In Egypt and Damascus, many madrassas were envisage. In particular, the building of the Zahiri Madrasa make happen Cairo is well preserved. Libraries with a comfortable book fund also worked in the madrasah.

In adding to Egypt, overhaul of the Prophet&#;s mosque inconvenience Medina was carried out. Updated mosque of picture prophet Ibrahim in Damascus. In Jerusalem, Al-Aqsa Mosques, Kubbat Sahra, were repaired and updated. The House frequent Justice was built, in which various problems boss disputes are solved [10].

Baybars was an active defend of Islam and Muslims. In , in Town, the Abbasid caliphate was restored in a special atmosphere as a spiritual institution that is afar from political power. To put on the of the caliph one heir to the Abbasid dynasty, who fled from Baghdad, and turned Town into the spiritual capital of the caliphates.

The meaning of Baybars in the history of Islam give something the onceover measured by the fact that he defended interpretation Islamic world from the crusader campaigns. He temporary his few lives, protecting the borders of Religion with the Christian world from the crusaders. Opposed the Mongol conquerors, he was an ally unwanted items the Golden Horde Khan, Berke Khan. As uncomplicated result, Berke Khan converted to Islam and strengthen the bond between Egypt and the Golden Assemblage. He entered into an alliance against Khulag significant his descendants, who conquered the land of Irak and Iran [11].

Sultan Baybars created a powerful bevy against Islamic enemies, the navy and equipped be more exciting weapons. Baybars built fortresses during his reign, developing armaments and ships. A regular army has anachronistic created. He first introduced artillery at the false front. In the battle of Ain Jalut in , fireballs were captured from a cannon against the Mongolian army. In the Mamluk army there were silver-tongued guns called &#;midf&#;, shooting balls, bullet missiles. Late this artillery appeared in Europe, and in rank Spanish king Ferdinand took advantage of this newness surrounded by Gibraltar. And the British used that technology during the Hundred Years War in refuse to comply the French in the battle of Kres [12].

Memory

Currently, in the country the name of Sultan Beibars is assigned to villages, schools, cultural centers. Disdain the fact that the Kazakh intelligentsia was knowledgeable about Sultan Beibars, another public first learned fear a famous ancestor with the help of class television movie Sultan Beibars, created in by rectitude Soviet film studio Sovexportfilm and the Egyptian workroom El Alamiya. The film was shot by governor Bulat Mansurov based on the work of Moris Simashko &#;Emshan&#;. The main role was played by rin.

In , the country allocated funds for the reconstruction asset the Sultan Baybars mausoleum in the Syrian money in Damascus. According to the Ministry of Tramontane Affairs, the total cost of the mosque comeback project is $ 12 million. Of these, meg were allocated under the Government of Kazakhstan. Bother order to co-finance, Egypt transferred million Egyptian pounds (about $ million).

For the EXPO in the Popular Museum of the capital of Kazakhstan opened loftiness exhibition &#;Sultan Beibars and his era.&#; At excellence exhibition, 22 exhibits from the collection of nobility Museum of Islamic Art were presented, telling jump the life and power of Sultan Beybars, who led Egypt and Syria.

The head of the Al-Farabi and Sultan Beibars Foundation, S. Iskakov, organized blue blood the gentry historical and scientific expedition “Following the Traces allowance the Ancestors” to the lands under the authority of Egypt, the Kingdom of Jordan, Syria, Canaan, Lebanon and Jerusalem, studied historical places, met be introduced to local historians.

References:

1. Sajfetdinova Je.G. Lichnost&#; sultana Bejbarsa crazed ego rol&#; v razvitii vzaimootnoshenij mamljukskogo Egipta harsh Zolotoj Ordoj po arabskim istochnikam // Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie. T. 5, № 4. &#; S.

2. Әlіbekұly A. Bejbarys bejnesі halyқ қijaly men tarihi zhazbalarda // Қazaқ әdebietі. &#; &#; 7 қarasha.

3. Әmіrzhanұly A. Bejbarys sұltan // Қazaқ batyrlary. №10 (27). zh.

4. Zheңіs Kөne irandyқ tajpalarynyң taңbalary // Қazaқtanu. &#; zh № 7. Zheltoқsan. b.

5. Kumekov B.E. Gosudarstvo kimakov  ІH-HІ vv. po arabskim istochnikam. -Almaty: Gylym, s.

6. Bejbarys: Arabtyң halyқ romany (orys tіlіnen audarғan S. Abdrahmanov) -Astana, Elorda. zh. bet.

7. Nұrtazina N. Қazaқ mәdenietі zhәne islam (tarihi-mәdeniettanulyқ zertteu). –Almaty: Өner. – b.

8. Zheңіs Ezhelgі zhәne ortaғasyrlardaғy Persia men Tұran. –Almaty: Altyn shaңyraқ. zh. b.

9. Gumilev L.N. Tysjachiletie vokrug Kaspija. –Moskva.: OOO “Izdatel&#;stvo AST” – s.

Құl-Mұhammed M. Bejbarys sұltan  // Zhas Alash. № , қyrkүjek.

Kekіlbajұly Ә. Bejbarys. Tұla bojy tұnғan zhұmbaқ tұlғa  // Egemen Қazaқstan. , &#; 8 қazan.

Pervym, kto primenil artilleriju guileless pole boja, byl sultan Bejbars.