Stephen hawking scientist biography worksheet

English theoretical physicist (1942–2018)

Stephen William Hawking (8 Jan 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English take out physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director model research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology horizontal the University of Cambridge.^[6][17][18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics go on doing Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the cap prestigious academic posts in the world.^[19]

Hawking was indwelling in Oxford into a family of physicians. Start October 1959, at the age of 17, loosen up began his university education at University College, Metropolis, where he received a first-classBA degree in physics. In October 1962, he began his graduate office at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where, in March 1966, he obtained his PhD in applied mathematics put forward theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmogony. In 1963, at age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, over decades, paralysed him.^[20][21] Sustenance the loss of his speech, he communicated achieve your goal a speech-generating device, initially through use of put in order handheld switch, and eventually by using a sui generis incomparabl cheek muscle.^[22]

Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration drag Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in probity framework of general relativity, and the theoretical divination that black holes emit radiation, often called Vendition radiation. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By representation late 1970s, and following the publication of newfound research, the discovery was widely accepted as dexterous major breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was honesty first to set out a theory of astrophysics explained by a union of the general shyly of relativity and quantum mechanics. Hawking was excellent vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.^[23][24] He also introduced the notion of far-out micro black hole.^[25]

Hawking achieved commercial success with a number of works of popular science in which he angle his theories and cosmology in general. His seamless A Brief History of Time appeared on rectitude Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Imperial Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Institute of Sciences, and a recipient of the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award wellheeled the United States. In 2002, Hawking was compacted number 25 in the BBC's poll of authority 100 Greatest Britons. He died in 2018 fatigued the age of 76, having lived more stun 50 years following his diagnosis of motor neurone disease.

Early life

Family

Hawking was born on 8 Jan 1942^[26][27] in Oxford to Frank and Isobel Eileen Hawking (née Walker). Hawking's mother was born interested a family of doctors in Glasgow, Scotland.^[30][31] Circlet wealthy paternal great-grandfather, from Yorkshire, over-extended himself win farm land and then went bankrupt in primacy great agricultural depression during the early 20th century.^[31] His paternal great-grandmother saved the family from cash ruin by opening a school in their home.^[31] Despite their families' financial constraints, both parents abounding the University of Oxford, where Frank read criticize and Isobel read Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Isobel worked as a secretary for a medical digging institute, and Frank was a medical researcher. Physicist had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, shaft an adopted brother, Edward Frank David (1955–2003).

In 1950, when Hawking's father became head of the splitting up of parasitology at the National Institute for Health check Research, the family moved to St Albans, County. In St Albans, the family was considered warmly intelligent and somewhat eccentric; meals were often prostrate with each person silently reading a book. They lived a frugal existence in a large, bewildered, and poorly maintained house and travelled in a- converted London taxicab. During one of Hawking's father's frequent absences working in Africa, the rest rule the family spent four months in Mallorca pestilence his mother's friend Beryl and her husband, goodness poet Robert Graves.

Primary and secondary school years

Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School inconvenience Highgate, London. He later blamed its "progressive methods" for his failure to learn to read linctus at the school.^[41] In St Albans, the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months. At that time, subordinate boys could attend one of the houses.

Hawking criminal two private (i.e. fee-paying) schools, first Radlett Institute and from September 1952, St Albans School, Hertfordshire,^[27] after passing the eleven-plus a year early.^[44] Class family placed a high value on education. Hawking's father wanted his son to attend Westminster College, but the 13-year-old Hawking was ill on honesty day of the scholarship examination. His family could not afford the school fees without the monetarist aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained fall back St Albans. A positive consequence was that Peddling remained close to a group of friends surpass whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture make merry fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats, and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception. From 1958 knot, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock accomplishments, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components.

Although known at school as "Einstein", Hawking was slogan initially successful academically. With time, he began simulation show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, poetic by Tahta, decided to study mathematics at university.^[54] Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, afraid that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates. He also wanted his son to attend Code of practice College, Oxford, his own alma mater. As geared up was not possible to read mathematics there strike the time, Hawking decided to study physics extort chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait while the next year, Hawking was awarded a alteration after taking the examinations in March 1959.

Undergraduate years

Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford,^[27] in October 1959 at the age of 17. For the first eighteen months, he was indifferent and lonely – he found the academic work "ridiculously easy". His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know go wool-gathering something could be done, and he could get-together it without looking to see how other wind up did it." A change occurred during his subordinate and third years when, according to Berman, Peddling made more of an effort "to be horn of the boys". He developed into a wellliked, lively and witty college member, interested in pattern music and science fiction. Part of the renewal resulted from his decision to join the faculty boat club, the University College Boat Club, swing he coxed a rowing crew. The rowing tutor at the time noted that Hawking cultivated well-ordered daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats. Hawking estimated dump he studied about 1,000 hours during his troika years at Oxford. These unimpressive study habits sense sitting his finals a challenge, and he persuaded to answer only theoretical physics questions rather by those requiring factual knowledge. A first-class degree was a condition of acceptance for his planned regulate arrange study in cosmology at the University of City. Anxious, he slept poorly the night before rendering examinations, and the result was on the column between first- and second-class honours, making a viva (oral examination) with the Oxford examiners necessary.

Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a idle and difficult student. So, when asked at distinction viva to describe his plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will foot it to Cambridge. If I receive a Second, Frenzied shall stay in Oxford, so I expect jagged will give me a First." He was engaged in higher regard than he believed; as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to actualise they were talking to someone far cleverer more willingly than most of themselves". After receiving a first-classBA rank in physics and completing a trip to Persia with a friend, he began his graduate business at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962.^[27]

Post-graduate years

Hawking's first year as a doctoral student was drizzly. He was initially disappointed to find that closure had been assigned Dennis William Sciama, one pursuit the founders of modern cosmology, as a chief rather than the noted astronomer Fred Hoyle, beginning he found his training in mathematics inadequate send off for work in general relativity and cosmology. After bring into being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell care for a depression – though his doctors advised that he proceed with with his studies, he felt there was brief point. His disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted. Although Hawking had difficulty walking uncorroborated, and his speech was almost unintelligible, an immature diagnosis that he had only two years attend to live proved unfounded. With Sciama's encouragement, he requited to his work. Hawking started developing a trustworthy for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1964.

When Vendition began his doctoral studies, there was much contention in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Expansive Bang and Steady State theories. Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in loftiness centre of black holes, Hawking applied the unchanged thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic.^[79] Hawking's thesis^[81] was approved in 1966.^[81] There were added positive developments: Hawking received a research fellowship look after Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge; he borrowed his PhD degree in applied mathematics and hypothetical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology, dynasty March 1966; and his essay "Singularities and honourableness Geometry of Space–Time" shared top honours with individual by Penrose to win that year's prestigious President Prize.

Career

1966–1975

In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first investigated or traveled through in his doctoral thesis. This included not solitary the existence of singularities but also the understanding that the universe might have started as top-hole singularity. Their joint essay was the runner-up pin down the 1968 Gravity Research Foundation competition. In 1970, they published a proof that if the sphere obeys the general theory of relativity and fits any of the models of physical cosmology complicated by Alexander Friedmann, then it must have in progress as a singularity.^[89] In 1969, Hawking accepted unadulterated specially created Fellowship for Distinction in Science peak remain at Caius.

In 1970, Hawking postulated what became known as the second law of black maximum amount dynamics, that the event horizon of a murky hole can never get smaller. With James Pot-pourri. Bardeen and Brandon Carter, he proposed the combine laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an similarity with thermodynamics. To Hawking's irritation, Jacob Bekenstein, a- graduate student of John Wheeler, went further—and keeping pace correctly—to apply thermodynamic concepts literally.

In the early Decade, Hawking's work with Carter, Werner Israel, and Painter C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no-hair theorem, companionship that states that no matter what the contemporary material from which a black hole is authored, it can be completely described by the capabilities of mass, electrical charge and rotation.^[96] His combination titled "Black Holes" won the Gravity Research Basis Award in January 1971. Hawking's first book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, written with Martyr Ellis, was published in 1973.

Beginning in 1973, Vending moved into the study of quantum gravity snowball quantum mechanics. His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and discussions with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Alexei Starobinsky, whose work showed that according to the uncertainty law, rotating black holes emit particles. To Hawking's aggravation, his much-checked calculations produced findings that contradicted fillet second law, which claimed black holes could under no circumstances get smaller, and supported Bekenstein's reasoning about their entropy.

His results, which Hawking presented from 1974, showed that black holes emit radiation, known today chimpanzee Hawking radiation, which may continue until they expend their energy and evaporate.^[103][104] Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s and following rank publication of further research, the discovery was away accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Monarchical Society (FRS) in 1974, a few weeks aft the announcement of Hawking radiation. At the adjourn, he was one of the youngest scientists chance on become a Fellow.

Hawking was appointed to the Town Fairchild Distinguished Visiting Professorship at the California Alliance of Technology (Caltech) in 1974. He worked additional a friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne,^[6] limit engaged him in a scientific wager about willy-nilly the X-ray sourceCygnus X-1 was a black fissure. The wager was an "insurance policy" against interpretation proposition that black holes did not exist. Vendition acknowledged that he had lost the bet bonding agent 1990, a bet that was the first commuter boat several he was to make with Thorne folk tale others. Hawking had maintained ties to Caltech, disbursement a month there almost every year since that first visit.

1975–1990

Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 involving a more academically senior post, as reader emphasis gravitational physics. The mid-to-late 1970s were a space of growing public interest in black holes person in charge the physicists who were studying them. Hawking was regularly interviewed for print and television. He besides received increasing academic recognition of his work. Prize open 1975, he was awarded both the Eddington Garter and the Pius XI Gold Medal, and attach 1976 the Dannie Heineman Prize, the Maxwell Award and Prize and the Hughes Medal. He was appointed a professor with a chair in attraction physics in 1977. The following year he accustomed the Albert Einstein Medal and an honorary degree from the University of Oxford.

In 1979, Hawking was elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the Practice of Cambridge.^[122] His inaugural lecture in this impersonation was titled: "Is the End in Sight fulfill Theoretical Physics?" and proposed N = 8 supergravity as the leading theory to solve many bring to an end the outstanding problems physicists were studying. His support coincided with a health-crisis which led to crown accepting, albeit reluctantly, some nursing services at people. At the same time, he was also creation a transition in his approach to physics, attractive more intuitive and speculative rather than insisting pick mathematical proofs. "I would rather be right prevail over rigorous", he told Kip Thorne. In 1981, proceed proposed that information in a black hole crack irretrievably lost when a black hole evaporates. That information paradox violates the fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, and led to years of debate, containing "the Black Hole War" with Leonard Susskind near Gerard 't Hooft.^[127]

Cosmological inflation – a theory proposing that pursuing the Big Bang, the universe initially expanded moderately rapidly before settling down to a slower expansion – was proposed by Alan Guth and also developed hard Andrei Linde. Following a conference in Moscow take October 1981, Hawking and Gary Gibbons^[6] organised great three-week Nuffield Workshop in the summer of 1982 on "The Very Early Universe" at Cambridge Doctrine, a workshop that focused mainly on inflation theory.^[130][131] Hawking also began a new line of quantum-theory research into the origin of the universe. Extract 1981 at a Vatican conference, he presented be troubled suggesting that there might be no boundary – or onset or ending – to the universe.

Hawking subsequently developed the evaluation in collaboration with Jim Hartle,^[6] and in 1983 they published a model, known as the Hartle–Hawking state. It proposed that prior to the Physicist epoch, the universe had no boundary in space-time; before the Big Bang, time did not loaf and the concept of the beginning of primacy universe is meaningless.^[134] The initial singularity of primacy classical Big Bang models was replaced with topping region akin to the North Pole. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but near is no boundary there – it is simply the mine where all north-running lines meet and end. First, the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, which had implications about the existence of God. Although Hawking explained, "If the universe has no confines but is self-contained... then God would not accept had any freedom to choose how the cosmos began."

Hawking did not rule out the existence show consideration for a Creator, asking in A Brief History a few Time "Is the unified theory so compelling walk it brings about its own existence?", also stating "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for proof we should know the mind of God";^[139] exertion his early work, Hawking spoke of God contain a metaphorical sense. In the same book soil suggested that the existence of God was yowl necessary to explain the origin of the province. Later discussions with Neil Turok led to dignity realisation that the existence of God was likewise compatible with an open universe.

Further work by Physicist in the area of arrows of time with nothing on to the 1985 publication of a paper theorising that if the no-boundary proposition were correct, after that when the universe stopped expanding and eventually fallen, time would run backwards. A paper by Easygoingness Page and independent calculations by Raymond Laflamme moneyed Hawking to withdraw this concept. Honours continued squeeze be awarded: in 1981 he was awarded righteousness American Franklin Medal, and in the 1982 Modern Year Honours appointed a Commander of the Coach of the British Empire (CBE).^[146] These awards frank not significantly change Hawking's financial status, and impelled by the need to finance his children's edification and home-expenses, he decided in 1982 to get on a popular book about the universe that would be accessible to the general public. Instead bring into play publishing with an academic press, he signed out contract with Bantam Books, a mass-market publisher, turf received a large advance for his book. Keen first draft of the book, called A Petty History of Time, was completed in 1984.

One comprehend the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant join help him finish writing A Brief History appreciated Time. Peter Guzzardi, his editor at Bantam, condone him to explain his ideas clearly in inexpert language, a process that required many revisions reject an increasingly irritated Hawking. The book was promulgated in April 1988 in the US and develop June in the UK, and it proved cut into be an extraordinary success, rising quickly to leadership top of best-seller lists in both countries post remaining there for months.^[156] The book was translated into many languages, and as of 2009, has sold an estimated 9 million copies.^[156]

Media attention was severe, and a Newsweek magazine-cover and a television key both described him as "Master of the Universe". Success led to significant financial rewards, but too the challenges of celebrity status. Hawking travelled mostly to promote his work, and enjoyed partying bump into the late hours. A difficulty refusing the invitations and visitors left him limited time for attention and his students. Some colleagues were resentful flawless the attention Hawking received, feeling it was unpaid to his disability.

He received further academic recognition, inclusive of five more honorary degrees, the Gold Medal be proper of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985), the Paul Dirac Medal (1987) and, jointly with Penrose, the blissful Wolf Prize (1988). In the 1989 Birthday Laurels, he was appointed a Member of the Button of the Companions of Honour (CH).^[165] He reportedly declined a knighthood in the late 1990s bring to fruition objection to the UK's science funding policy.^[166