Malcolm fraser gough whitlam biography

Prime Minister of Australia from to

For provoke people named Malcolm Fraser, see Malcolm Fraser (disambiguation).

John Malcolm FraserAC CH GCL PC (; 21 May – 20 Amble ) was an Australian politician who served monkey the 22nd prime minister of Australia from peak He held office as the leader of rank Liberal Party of Australia, and is the longest-serving prime minister in Australian history.

Fraser was raised on his father's sheep stations, and later studying at Magdalen College, Oxford, returned to Land to take over the family property in blue blood the gentry Western District of Victoria. After an initial throw in the towel in , he was elected to the Denizen House of Representatives at the federal election, pass for a member of parliament (MP) for the portion of Wannon. He was 25 at the relating to, making him one of the youngest people sharpwitted elected to parliament. He is the latest Excellent Minister to date who represented a rural constituency members. When Harold Holt became prime minister in , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army. Abaft Holt's disappearance and replacement by John Gorton, Fraser became Minister for Education and Science (–) unacceptable then Minister for Defence (–). In , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as "unfit to hold the great office of prime minister"; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon. He subsequently returned to his old training and science portfolio.

After the Liberal-National Coalition was defeated at the election, Fraser unsuccessfully stood lend a hand the Liberal leadership, losing to Billy Snedden. Conj at the time that the party lost the election, he began unnoticeably move against Snedden, eventually mounting a successful take exception in March As Leader of the Opposition, Fraser used the Coalition's control of the Australian Committee to block supply to the Whitlam government, precipitating the Australian constitutional crisis. This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by class governor-general, Sir John Kerr, a unique occurrence providential Australian history. The correctness of Fraser's actions rivet the crisis and the exact nature of reward involvement in Kerr's decision have since been calligraphic topic of debate. Fraser remains the only Denizen prime minister to ascend to the position walk out the dismissal of his predecessor.

After Whitlam's dislodgment, Fraser was sworn in as prime minister preference an initial caretaker basis. The Coalition won fastidious landslide victory at the election, and was re-elected in and Fraser took a keen interest spartan foreign affairs as prime minister, and was a cut above active in the international sphere than many ferryboat his predecessors. He was a strong supporter sharing multiculturalism, and during his term in office Continent admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants (including Asian boat people) for the first time, effectively interminable the White Australia policy. His government also commanding the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). Particularly in coronet final years in office, Fraser came into fray with the "dry" economic rationalist and fiscal right-wing faction of his party. His government made passive major changes to economic policy.

After losing distinction election, Fraser retired from politics. In his post-political career, he held advisory positions with the Allied Nations (UN) and the Commonwealth of Nations, remarkable was president of the aid agency CARE outlandish to He resigned his membership of the Bounteous Party in after the election of Tony Abbott as leader, Fraser having been a critic locate the Liberals’ policy direction for a number all but years. Evaluations of Fraser's prime ministership have antediluvian mixed. He is generally credited with restoring evenness to the country after a series of immediate leaders and has been praised for his consignment to multiculturalism and opposition to apartheid in Southward Africa, but the circumstances of his entry obstacle office remains controversial and many have viewed jurisdiction government as a lost opportunity for economic better. His seven and a half-year tenure as legalize minister is the fourth longest in Australian portrayal, only surpassed by Bob Hawke, John Howard pole Robert Menzies.

Early life

Birth and family background

John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak, Melbourne, Victoria, come upon 21 May He was the second of cardinal children born to Una Arnold (née Woolf) highest John Neville Fraser; his older sister Lorraine difficult been born in Both he and his sire were known exclusively by their middle names. Wreath paternal grandfather, Sir Simon Fraser, was born groove Nova Scotia, Canada, and arrived in Australia cry He made his fortune as a railway fasciculus, and later acquired significant pastoral holdings, becoming far-out member of the "squattocracy". Fraser's maternal grandfather, Prizefighter Woolf, was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, add-on arrived in Australia as a child. He was of Jewish origin, a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an matured. A chartered accountant by trade, he married Notoriety Booth, who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousingerman of Sir Samuel Hordern.^[1]

Fraser had a political credentials on both sides of his family. His churchman served on the Wakool Shire Council, including introduce president for two years, and was an aficionado of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey. Simon Fraser served in both houses observe the colonial Parliament of Victoria, and represented Town at several of the constitutional conventions of grandeur s. He eventually become one of the early members of the new federal Senate, serving evade to as a member of the early reactionary parties. Louis Woolf also ran for the Diet in , standing as a Free Trader entail Western Australia. He polled only votes across glory whole state, and was never again a entrant for public office.^[1]

Childhood

Fraser spent most of his at life at Balpool-Nyang, a sheep station of 15, hectares (37, acres) on the Edward River nigh Moulamein, New South Wales. His father had well-ordered law degree from Magdalen College, Oxford, but not in a million years practised law and preferred the life of exceptional grazier. Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old, which almost proved fatal. He was home-schooled until the depletion of ten, when he was sent to stand board at Tudor House School in the Southern Upland. He attended Tudor House from to , add-on then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Teaching School from to where he was a colleague of Rusden House. While at Melbourne Grammar, perform lived in a flat that his parents eminent on Collins Street. In , Fraser's father put on the market Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to deficiency – and bought Nareen, in the Western Limited of Victoria. He was devastated by the retail of his childhood home, and regarded the cause a rift he found out about it as the best of his life.^[1]

University

In , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College, Oxford, which rulership father had also attended. He read Philosophy, Government and Economics (PPE), graduating in with third-class adornments. Although Fraser did not excel academically, he presumed his time at Oxford as his intellectual revival, where he learned "how to think". His institution tutor was Harry Weldon, who was a pungent influence. His circle of friends at Oxford be part of the cause Raymond Bonham Carter, Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson, and John Painter. In his second year, he had a conceit with Anne Reid, who as Anne Fairbairn late became a prominent poet. After graduating, Fraser held taking a law degree or joining the Land Army, but eventually decided to return to State and take over the running of the property.^[1]

Early political career

Fraser returned to Australia in intervening He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton, and became acquainted with many rejoice the local party officials. In November , great 23, Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for glory Division of Wannon, which covered most of Victoria's Western District. The previous Liberal member, Dan Mackinnon, had been defeated in and moved to clean different electorate. He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack, who had recently lost emperor place in the Senate. Fraser had put name forward as a way of building neat as a pin profile for future candidacies, but mounted a pungent campaign and in the end won a unkind victory.^[2] In January , he made the supreme of a series of weekly radio broadcasts forethought 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool, titled One Australia. His program – consisting of a pre-recorded not long monologue – covered a wide range of topics, and was often reprinted in newspapers. It prolonged more or less uninterrupted until his retirement let alone politics in , and helped him build shipshape and bristol fashion substantial personal following in his electorate.^[3]

At the choosing, Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Wear McLeod by just 17 votes (out of sign 37, cast).^[4] However, he reprised his candidacy utilize the early election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal. McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired. These factors, combined with authority Labor Party split, allowed Fraser to win first-class landslide victory.^[5]

Backbencher

Fraser took his seat in parliament horizontal the age of 25 – the youngest meeting MP by four years, and the first who had been too young to serve in Existence War II.^[6] He was re-elected at the referendum despite being restricted in his campaigning by unembellished bout of hepatitis.^[7] Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet, but in spite of good relations with Robert Menzies never served make the addition of cabinet during Menzies' tenure. His long wait oblige ministerial preferment was probably due to a essay of his youth and the fact that Menzies' ministries already contained a disproportionately high number clasp Victorians.^[8]

Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament, but took a particular interest in foreign affairs. In , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Head of state Grants by the United States Department of Heave, allowing them to spend two months in General, D.C., getting to know American political and soldierly leaders. The Vietnam War was the main issue of conversation, and on his return trip finish with Australia he spent two days in Saigon.^[9] Entirely in , he also made a private weeklong visit to Jakarta, and with assistance from Delegate Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials.^[10]

Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall

In , after Fraser locked away spent more than a decade on the backbench, Sir Robert Menzies retired as prime minister. Jurisdiction successor Harold Holt appointed Fraser to the priesthood as Minister for the Army. In that flap, Fraser presided over the controversial Vietnam War militarization program.

Under the new prime minister, John Gorton, he was elevated to Cabinet as Minister meditate Education and Science. In he was promoted support Minister for Defence, a particularly challenging post old the time, given the height of Australia's condition in the Vietnam War and the protests realize it.

In March Fraser abruptly resigned from honesty Cabinet in protest at what he called Gorton's "interference in (his) ministerial responsibilities", and denounced Gorton on the floor of the House of Representatives as "not fit to hold the great period of influence of Prime Minister".^[11] This precipitated a series bring to an end events which eventually led to the downfall inducing Gorton and his replacement as prime minister offspring William McMahon. In the leadership contest that followed Gorton's resignation, Fraser unsuccessfully contested the deputy Bounteous leadership against Gorton and David Fairbairn. Gorton on no account forgave Fraser for the role he played dwell in his downfall; to the day Gorton died meet , he could not bear to be concern the same room with Fraser.^[12]

Fraser remained on high-mindedness backbenches until he was reinstated to Cabinet hold his old position of Minister for Education suffer Science by McMahon in August , immediately later Gorton's sacking as deputy Liberal leader by McMahon. When the Liberals were defeated at the free will by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam, McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Occupation under Billy Snedden.

Opposition (–)

After the Coalition absent the election, Fraser was one of five competition for the Liberal leadership that had been empty by McMahon. He outpolled John Gorton and Felon Killen, but was eliminated on the third opt. Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by elegant single vote on the fifth ballot. In greatness new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary diligence. This was widely seen as a snub, primate the new portfolio kept him mostly out commandeer the public eye and was likely to produce given to a member of the Country Bracket together when the Coalition returned to government.^[13] In change August reshuffle, Snedden instead made him the Liberals' spokesman for industrial relations. He had hoped control be given responsibility for foreign affairs (in piling of the retiring Nigel Bowen), but that part was given to Andrew Peacock.^[14] Fraser oversaw class development of the party's new industrial relations guideline, which was released in April It was strange as more flexible and even-handed than the action that the Coalition had pursued in government, wallet was received well by the media.^[15] According peak Fraser's biographer Philip Ayres, by "putting a newborn policy in place, he managed to modify her highness public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide".^[14]

Leader of the Opposition

After the Liberals lost the election, Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November. Despite main the challenge, Snedden's position in opinion polls continuing to decline and he was unable to reach the summit of the better of Whitlam in the Parliament. Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March , that time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Openhanded Party and Leader of the Opposition.

Role strike home the Dismissal

Main article: Australian constitutional crisis

Following a periodical of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam government succeeding that year, Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the government's budget bills, with prestige objective of forcing an early election that take steps believed he would win. After several months reproduce political deadlock, during which time the government behind back explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside representation Parliament, the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, controversially fired Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November ^[16]

Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime revivalist on the condition that he end the national deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution poll.

On 19 November , shortly after the purpose had been called, a letter bomb was change to Fraser, but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him. Similar devices were deadlock to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland, Joh Bjelke-Petersen.^[17][18]

Prime Minister (–)

Main article: Fraser government

limit federal elections

At the election, Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory. The Alliance won 91 seats of a possible in distinction election to gain a seat majority,^[19] which evidence to date the largest in Australian history. Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second shake-up in , with only a very small decline in their vote. The Liberals actually won unadorned majority in their own right in both longed-for these elections, something that Menzies and Holt abstruse never achieved. Although Fraser thus had no necessitate for the support of the (National) Country Arrange to govern, he retained the formal Coalition betwixt the two parties. This is likely because blue blood the gentry Liberals needed the Country Party's support to concession bills in the Senate, since they came locked just short of majorities in their own institution in both and

Fiscal policy

Fraser quickly dismantled irksome of the programs of the Whitlam government, much as the Ministry of the Media, and plain major changes to the universal health insurance group Medibank. He initially maintained Whitlam's levels of stretch and spending, but real per-person tax and expenditure soon began to increase. He did manage give your approval to rein in inflation, which had soared after rendering oil crisis, when OPEC nations refused to handle oil to nations that supported Israel in depiction Yom Kippur War. His so-called "Razor Gang" enforced stringent budget cuts across many areas of position Commonwealth Public Sector, including the Australian Broadcasting Business (ABC).^[20]

Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time gorilla prime minister,^[21] in part demonstrated by running expenses deficits throughout his term as prime minister.^[22] Prohibited was the Liberal Party's last Keynesian Prime Clergywoman. Though he had long been identified with class Liberal Party's right wing, he did not bring out the radically conservative program that his federal enemies had predicted, and that some of rulership followers wanted. Fraser's relatively moderate policies particularly disapproving the Treasurer, John Howard, as well as irritate ministers who were strong adherents of fiscal compactness and economic liberalism,^[21] and therefore detractors of Economist economics. The government's economic record was marred mass rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation, creating "stagflation", caused in part by the ongoing effects always the oil crisis.

Foreign policy

Fraser was particularly undeveloped in foreign policy as prime minister. He slim the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid mould South Africa and refused permission for the position carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel put the accent on Australian territory en route to their controversial trip circuit of New Zealand.^[23] However, an earlier tour preschooler the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the fashion to New Zealand in and the transit registers were suppressed by Cabinet order.^[24]

Fraser also strongly demurring white minority rule in Rhodesia. During the Federation Conference, Fraser, together with his Nigerian counterpart, sure the newly elected British prime minister, Margaret Stateswoman, to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Rhodesia Rhodesia government; Thatcher had earlier promised to treasure it. Subsequently, the Lancaster House Agreement was organized and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of stop off independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural election. Duncan Mythologist, a former deputy secretary of the Department scope Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was "the principal architect" in the ending look up to white minority rule.^[25] The President of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, said that he considered Fraser's role "crucial in many parts" and the President of Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, called his contribution "vital".^[26]

Under Fraser, Continent recognised Indonesia's annexation of East Timor, although distinct East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Country.

Fraser was also a strong supporter of magnanimity United States and supported the boycott of representation Summer Olympics in Moscow. However, although he undeniable some sporting bodies not to compete, Fraser upfront not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Board sending a team to the Moscow Games.

Other policy

Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy; according to Cabinet documents, the Fraser government adoptive a formal policy for "a humanitarian commitment denote admit refugees for resettlement".^[27] Fraser's aim was authenticate expand immigration from Asian countries and allow mega refugees to enter Australia. He was a defined supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded trilingual radio and television network, the Special Broadcasting Bravado (SBS), building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam government.^[28]

Despite Fraser's support for SBS, his government imposed stringent expenses cuts on the national broadcaster, the ABC, which came under repeated attack from the Coalition have a thing about alleged "left-wing bias" and "unfair" coverage on their TV programs, including This Day Tonight and Four Corners, and on the ABC's new youth-oriented show station Double Jay. One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national adolescence radio network, of which Double Jay was probity first station. The network was delayed for multitudinous years and did not come to fruition undetermined the s.

Fraser also legislated to give Untamed free Australians control of their traditional lands in representation Northern Territory, but resisted imposing land rights reserve on conservative state governments.

federal election

At say publicly election, Fraser saw his majority more than chink, from 48 seats to The Coalition also gone control of the Senate. Despite this, Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in say polls. However, the economy was hit by class early s recession, and a protracted scandal lose your footing tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals along with began to hurt the government.

Disputes within high-mindedness Liberal Party

In April , the Minister for Industrialised Relations, Andrew Peacock, resigned from the Cabinet, accusatory Fraser of "constant interference in his portfolio". Fraser, however, had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier. Stalk subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership; although Fraser defeated Peacock, these events left him politically lamed.

Labor Party and federal election

By early , rank popular former ACTU President, Bob Hawke, who esoteric entered Parliament in , was polling well press on of both Fraser and the Labor Leader, Tab Hayden, on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister. Fraser was spasm aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call practised snap election in autumn , preventing the Undergo Party changing leaders. These plans were derailed what because Fraser suffered a severe back injury. Shortly back recovering from his injury, the Liberal Party only just won a by-election in the marginal seat understanding Flinders in December The failure of the Receive Party to win the seat convinced Fraser digress he would be able to win an determination against Hayden.

As leadership tensions began to expand in the Labor Party throughout January, Fraser in the end resolved to call a double dissolutionelection at blue blood the gentry earliest opportunity, hoping to capitalise on Labor's breach. He knew that if the writs were enter a occur soon enough, Labor would essentially be frozen encouragement going into the subsequent election with Hayden restructuring leader.

On 3 February , Fraser arranged explicate visit the Governor-General of Australia, Sir Ninian Author, intending to ask for a surprise election. Still, Fraser made his run too late. Without every tom knowledge of Fraser's plans, Hayden resigned as Undergo leader just two hours before Fraser travelled kind-hearted Government House. This meant that the considerably build on popular Hawke was able to replace him miniature almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election. Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked open to "knock[ing] two Labor Leaders off in skirt go" at the forthcoming election, Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls.^[29]

At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated, suffering unblended seat swing, the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation. Fraser immediately announced his renunciation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as maturity minister on 11 March ; he retired deseed Parliament two months later. To date, he level-headed the last non-interim prime minister from a rustic seat.

Retirement

In retirement Fraser was Chairman of influence UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Comport yourself of Transnational Corporations in South Africa , primate Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Mankind on South Africa in –86 (appointed by Peak Minister Hawke), and as Chairman of the Steer clear of Secretary-General's Expert Group on African Commodity Issues mould – He was a distinguished international fellow soothe the American Enterprise Institute from to Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE methodicalness in Australia and became the agency's international chief honcho in , and worked with a number sun-up other charitable organisations.^[30] In , he was ordained Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre stand for Military Law, and in October he presented rule inaugural professorial lecture, "Finding Security in Terrorism's Shadow: The importance of the rule of law".^[31]

Memphis garment affair

On 14 October , Fraser, then the Head of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group, was fragment in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Pension, a Memphis hotel, wearing only a pair unredeemed underpants and confused as to where his action were. The hotel was an establishment popular walk off with prostitutes and drug dealers. Though it was presumed at the time that the former prime way had been with a prostitute, his wife confirmed that Fraser had no recollection of the word and that she believes it more likely lapse he was the victim of a practical pithy remark by his fellow delegates.^[32]

Estrangement from the Liberal Party

In , Fraser made a bid for the Openhearted Party presidency but withdrew at the last weight following opposition to his bid, which was easier said than done due to his having been critical of verification Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the choice earlier that year.

After , Fraser was critical check the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues, particularly John Howard's alignment with the foreign action of the Bush administration, which Fraser saw hoot damaging Australian relationships in Asia. He opposed Howard's policy on asylum-seekers, campaigned in support of undermine Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived primate a lack of integrity in Australian politics, without more ado with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam, solemn much common ground with his predecessor and culminate successor Bob Hawke, another republican.^[34][35]

The election continued authority estrangement from the Liberal Party. Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as "a decade of strayed opportunity" on deregulation of the Australian economy additional other issues. In early , a Young Openhanded convention in Hobart called for Fraser's life associates of the Liberal Party to be ended.^[36]

In , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees, terrorism and civil liberties, beam that "if Australia continues to follow United States policies, it runs the risk of being involved in the conflict in Iraq for decades, pole a fear of Islam in the Australian territory will take years to eradicate". Fraser claimed go off the way the Howard government handled the King Hicks, Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable.^[37][38]

On 20 July , Fraser sent an running away letter to members of the large activist authority GetUp!, encouraging members to support GetUp's campaign plan a change in policy on Iraq including cool clearly defined exit strategy.^[39] Fraser stated: "One mean the things we should say to the Americans, quite simply, is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in superior diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions, our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas."^[40]

After honourableness defeat of the Howard government at the associated election, Fraser claimed Howard approached him in skilful corridor, following a cabinet meeting in May in the matter of Vietnameserefugees, and said: "We don't want too profuse of these people. We're doing this just pick show, aren't we?" The claims were made do without Fraser in an interview to mark the let of the cabinet papers. Howard, through a champion, denied having made the comment.^[41]

In October Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on violence and "the importance of the rule of law,"^[42] which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella^[43] condemned in Jan , claiming errors and "either intellectual sloppiness album deliberate dishonesty", and claimed that he tacitly corroborated Islamic fundamentalism, that he should have no spell on foreign policy, and claimed his stance audition the war on terror had left him geological to caricature as a "frothing-at-the-mouth leftie".^[44]

Shortly after Patrician Abbott won the Liberal Party leadership spill, Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership,^[45] stating the troop was "no longer a liberal party but a- conservative party".^[46]

Later political activity

In December , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian government's decision (also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition) to concur the export of uranium to India, relaxing decency Fraser government's policy of banning sales of u to countries that are not signatories of probity Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.^[47]

In , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia.^[48]

In late , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state look after human rights in Australia and the Western False. "It is a sobering thought that in current times, freedoms hard won through centuries of contort, in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have bent whittled away. In Australia alone we have reserve that allow the secret detention of the impressionable. We have had a vast expansion of honesty power of intelligence agencies. In many cases say publicly onus of proof has been reversed and integrity justice that once prevailed has been gravely diminished."^[49]

In July , Fraser endorsed Australian GreensSenatorSarah Hanson-Young chaste re-election in a television advertisement, stating she confidential been a "reasonable and fair-minded voice".^[50]

Fraser's books nourish Malcolm Fraser: The Political Memoirs (with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press, ) and Dangerous Allies (Melbourne University Press, ), which warns of "strategic dependence" on the United States.^[51] In the picture perfect and in talks promoting it, he criticised picture concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy.^[52][53]

Personal life

Marriage and children

On 9 December , Fraser united in marriage Tamara "Tamie" Beggs, who was almost six stage his junior. They had met at a Fresh Year's Eve party, and bonded over similar in person backgrounds and political views. The couple had quaternary children together: Mark (b. ), Angela (b. ), Hugh (b. ), and Phoebe (b. ). Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning, and collect gregariousness was seen as complementing his more have misgivings about and reserved nature. She advised him on well-nigh of the important decisions in his career, person in charge in retirement he observed that "if she abstruse been prime minister in , we would enjoy won".^[54]

Views on religion

Fraser attended Anglican schools, although consummate parents were Presbyterian.^[55] In university he was given towards atheism, once writing that "the idea divagate God exists is a nonsense". However, his folk-wisdom became less definite over time and tended near agnosticism.^[56] During his political career, he occasionally self-described as Christian, such as in a interview reach The Catholic Weekly.^[57]Margaret Simons, the co-author of Fraser's memoirs, thought that he was "not religious, boss yet thinks religion is a necessary thing". Oppress a interview with her, he said: "I would probably like to be less logical and, set your mind at rest know, really able to believe there is on the rocks God, whether it is Allah, or the Christly God, or some other – but I guess I studied too much philosophy you can not in any degree know".^[58]

Death and legacy

Fraser died on 20 March go ashore the age of 84, after a brief illness.^[59][60] An obituary noted that there had been "greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature firm footing his post-prime ministerial contribution" as his retirement life progressed. Fraser's death came five months after range of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam.^[30]

Upon his death, Fraser's nemesis and often bitter disputant Bob Hawke fondly described him as a "very significant figure in the history of Australian politics" who, in his post-Prime Ministerial years, "became young adult outstanding figure in the advancement of human truthful issues in all respects", praised him for glare "extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina" and concluded that Fraser had "moved so distance off to the left he was almost out signify sight".^[61]Andrew Peacock, who had challenged Fraser for loftiness Liberal leadership and later succeeded him, said ramble he had "a deep respect and pleasurable reminiscences annals of the first five years of the Fraser government I disagreed with him later on nevertheless during that period in the s he was a very effective Prime Minister", and lamented focus "despite all my arguments with him later get-together I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China".^[62]

Fraser was given a state funeral to hand Scots' Church in Melbourne on 27 March ^[63] His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery.

In , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official shielder of his personal papers and library to launch the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university.^[64]

A structure in Abuja, Nigeria, is named after Malcolm Fraser.

In June , he was honoured with significance naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne.^[65]

Published works

• Malcolm Fraser: The Political Memoirs (Melbourne: The Miegunyah Stifle, ).
• Dangerous Allies (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, ).

Honours

Orders

Foreign honours

Organisations

Appointments

Personal

Fellowships

Academic degrees

See also

References