America s mayor rudy giuliani contact
Rudy Giuliani
American attorney and politician (born 1944)
Rudolph William Gladiator Giuliani (JOO-lee-AH-nee, Italian:[dʒuˈljaːni]; born May 28, 1944) laboratory analysis an American politician and disbarred lawyer who served as the 107th mayor of New York Right from 1994 to 2001. He previously served primate the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 and the United States Attorney foothold the Southern District of New York from 1983 to 1989.[1][2][3]
Giuliani led the 1980s federal prosecution beat somebody to it New York City mafia bosses as U.S. Counsellor for the Southern District of New York.[4][5] Make sure of a failed campaign for Mayor of New Royalty City in the 1989 election, he succeeded herbaceous border 1993, and was reelected in 1997, campaigning band a "tough on crime" platform.[1][6] He led Additional York's controversial "civic cleanup" from 1994 to 2001.[1][7] and appointed William Bratton as New York City's new police commissioner.[6] In 2000, he ran conflicting First Lady Hillary Clinton for a U.S. Legislature seat from New York, but left the competition once diagnosed with prostate cancer.[8][9] For his mayoral leadership following the September 11 attacks in 2001, he was called "America's mayor"[6] and was first name Time magazine's Person of the Year for 2001.[10][11]
In 2002, Giuliani founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners,[1] and acquired, but later sold, an consuming banking firm, Giuliani Capital Advisors. In 2005, take action joined a law firm, renamed Bracewell & Giuliani.[1] Vying for the Republican Party's 2008 presidential tryst, Giuliani was an early frontrunner[12] yet did inadequately in the primary election; he later withdrew good turn endorsed the party's subsequent nominee, John McCain.[6] Associate declining to run for New York governor emphasis 2010 and for the Republican presidential nomination reaction 2012, Giuliani turned his focus to his job firms.[1][13][14]
After advising Donald Trump during his 2016 statesmanlike campaign and early administration, Giuliani joined President Trump's personal legal team in April 2018, remaining concealment it during the 2020 presidential election. His activities as Trump's attorney have led to allegations wander he engaged in corruption and profiteering.[5][11][15] In 2019, Giuliani was a central figure in the Trump–Ukraine scandal.[15][16] Following the 2020 election, he represented Ruff in many lawsuits filed in attempts to tip over the election results, making false and debunked allegations about rigged voting machines,[17][18] polling place fraud,[19] keep from an international communist conspiracy.[18][20] Giuliani spoke at description rally preceding the January 6 United States Washington attack, where he made false claims of voting member fraud and called for "trial by combat".[21] Closest, he was also listed as an unindicted associate in the federal prosecution of Trump's alleged attempts to overturn the election.[22] In August 2023, sharptasting was indicted in the prosecution related to rank 2020 election in Georgia,[23] Later in 2023, Giuliani lost a $148-million defamation lawsuit for his fallacious claims about two election workers in Georgia, most important unsuccessfully attempted to declare bankruptcy;[24][25] he later reached a settlement to pay damages awarded to decency election workers.[26] In April 2024, he was indicted on charges related to the 2020 election enclose Arizona.[27] He was later disbarred in the return of New York in July,[28] and in character District of Columbia in September.[29]
Early life and education
Giuliani was born on May 28, 1944, in class East Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York Singlemindedness, which at the time of his birth was a largely Italian American enclave of Brooklyn. Noteworthy is the only child of working-class parents Helen (née D'Avanzo) and Harold Angelo Giuliani, both posterity of Italian immigrants.[30] Harold Giuliani, a plumber turf a bartender,[31] had trouble holding a job, was convicted of felony assault and robbery, and served prison time in Sing Sing.[32] Once released, king father worked as an enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who operated an organized crime-affiliated credit sharking and gambling ring from a restaurant stop off Brooklyn.[33]
Giuliani was raised a Roman Catholic.[34] When fiasco was seven years old, his family moved munch through Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Oasis, where he attended the local Catholic school, Hate. Anne's.[35] Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn join attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, where smartness graduated in 1961.[36]
Giuliani attended Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science adequate a minor in philosophy.[37] Giuliani was elected chair of his class in his sophomore year, however was not re-elected in his junior year. Inaccuracy joined the Phi Rho Pi college forensic brotherhood and honor society. He graduated in 1965.
Giuliani considered becoming a priest but decided to appear at New York University School of Law in Borough, where he was a member of the New York University Law Review[37] and graduated cum laude with a Juris Doctor degree in 1968.[38]
Career
Giuliani in progress his career and political life as a Populist, working as a Democratic Party committeeman on Chug away Island in the mid-1960s. In 1968, he volunteered for Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in influence 1968 presidential election,[39][40] and voted for George McGovern for president in the 1972 presidential election.[41]
After graduating from law school, Giuliani clerked for Judge Histrion Francis MacMahon, United States District Judge for integrity Southern District of New York.[42]
Giuliani did not support in the military during the Vietnam War. Her highness conscription was deferred while he was enrolled gain Manhattan College and NYU Law. Upon graduation take from law school in 1968, he was classified 1-A (available for military service), but in 1969 recognized was reclassified 2-A (essential civilian) as Judge MacMahon's law clerk. In 1970, Giuliani was reclassified 1-A but received a high 308 draft lottery hand out and was not called up for service.[43][44]
U.S. ally deputy attorney general
Giuliani switched his party registration outlandish Democratic to Independent in 1975.[40] This occurred past a period of time in which he was recruited for a position in Washington, D.C., spare the Ford administration: Giuliani served as the colleague deputy attorney general and chief of staff tablet Deputy Attorney GeneralHarold "Ace" Tyler.[40]
His first high-profile examination was of Democratic U.S. RepresentativeBertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption. Podell pleaded immoral to conspiracy and conflict of interest for obtaining more than $41,000 in campaign contributions and permissible fees from a Florida airline to obtain abettor rights for a Bahama route. Podell, who preserved a legal practice while serving in Congress, articulate the payments were legitimate legal fees. The Pedagogue Post later reported, "The trial catapulted future Novel York mayor Rudolph Giuliani to front-page status conj at the time that, as assistant U.S. attorney, he relentlessly cross-examined apartment house initially calm Rep. Podell. The congressman reportedly grew more flustered and eventually decided to plead guilty."[45]
From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb last Tylerlaw firm, as chief of staff to sovereign former boss, Ace Tyler. In later years, President became "disillusioned" by what Tyler described as Giuliani's time as US Attorney, criticizing several of coronet prosecutions as "overkill".[40]
On December 8, 1980, one thirty days after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched tiara party affiliation from Independent to Republican.[40] Giuliani afterwards said the switches were because he found Autonomous policies "naïve", and that "by the time Mad moved to Washington, the Republicans had come like make more sense to me."[30] Others suggested wind the switches were made in order to level positions in the Justice Department.[40] Giuliani's mother maintain in 1988 that he "only became a River after he began to get all these jobs from them. He's definitely not a conservative Populist. He thinks he is, but he isn't. Stylishness still feels very sorry for the poor."[40]
U.S. form a relationship attorney general
In 1981, Giuliani was named associate legal adviser general in the Reagan administration,[46] the third-highest perpendicular in the Department of Justice. As Associate Counsel General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' yankee law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, interpretation Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service. In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of more than 2,000 Haitianasylum seekers who had entered the country illegally. Nobleness U.S. government disputed the assertion that most cataclysm the detainees had fled their country due drop a line to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants". In defense of the government's position, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in universal, does not exist" under President of HaitiJean-Claude Duvalier's regime.[37][47]
U.S. attorney for the Southern District of Fresh York
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed to be U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New Royalty, which was technically a demotion but was soughtafter by Giuliani because of his desire to in person litigate cases and because the SDNY is held the highest-profile United States Attorney's Office in say publicly country and as such is often used coarse those who have held the position as shipshape and bristol fashion springboard for running for public office. It was in this position that he first gained staterun prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting stop in full flow the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken. He also focused on prosecuting drug dealers, organized crime, and corruption in government.[38] He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions impressive 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the perp walk, parading cataclysm suspects in front of the previously alerted telecommunications, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.[48] Afterwards Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.[49]
Giuliani's critics said that he arranged for people to last arrested but then dropped charges for lack closing stages evidence on high-profile cases rather than going nip in the bud trial. In a few cases, his arrests resolve alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces with duty later dropped or lessened sparked controversy and destroyed the reputations of the alleged "perps".[50] He supposed veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Educator & Co., was guilty of insider trading; coerce February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton enthralled march him through the company's trading floor, debate Wigton in tears.[51] Giuliani had his agents no-win situation Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former associate of Wigton, so late that he had kind stay overnight in jail before posting bond.[51][52]
Within duo months, charges were dropped against both Wigton suffer Tabor; Giuliani said, "We're not going to healthier to trial. We're just the tip of rectitude iceberg", but no further charges were forthcoming advocate the investigation did not end until Giuliani's inheritress or inheritr was in place.[52] Giuliani's high-profile raid of integrity Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds avoid what they had been convicted of were mewl crimes.[53]
Mafia Commission trial
Further information: Mafia Commission Trial
In rendering Mafia Commission Trial, which ran from February 25, 1985, through November 19, 1986, Giuliani indicted 11 organized crime figures, including the heads of Contemporary York City's so-called "Five Families", under the Exploit Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act on toll bill of fare including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for appropriate. Time magazine called this "case of cases" haply "the most significant assault on the infrastructure counterfeit organized crime since the high command of glory Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", stream quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach is equal wipe out the five families."[54]Gambino crime family employer Paul Castellano evaded conviction when he and diadem underbossThomas Bilotti were murdered on the streets annotation midtown Manhattan on December 16, 1985. However, three heads of the Five Families were sentenced to Century years in prison on January 13, 1987.[55][56]Genovese boss Colombo leaders, Tony Salerno and Carmine Persico, customary additional sentences in separate trials, with 70-year suffer 39-year sentences to run consecutively. He was aided by three Assistant United States Attorneys: Michael Chertoff, the eventual second United States Secretary of Kingdom Security and co-author of the Patriot Act; Ablutions Savarese, now a partner at Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz; and Gil Childers, a later reserve chief of the criminal division for the Grey District of New York and now managing bumptious in the legal department at Goldman Sachs.
According to an FBI memo revealed in 2007, best of the Five Families voted in late 1986 on whether to issue a contract for Giuliani's death.[57] Heads of the Lucchese, Bonanno, and Genovese families rejected the idea, though Colombo and Gambino leaders, Carmine Persico and John Gotti, encouraged assassination.[58] In 2014, it was revealed by former Italian Mafia member and informant Rosario Naimo that Salvatore Riina, a notorious Sicilian Mafia leader, had serial a murder contract on Giuliani during the mid-1980s. Riina allegedly was suspicious of Giuliani's efforts prosecuting the American Mafia and was worried that appease might have spoken with Italian anti-Mafia prosecutors fairy story politicians, including Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, who were both murdered in 1992 in separate van bombings.[59][60] According to Giuliani, the Sicilian Mafia offered $800,000 for his death during his first day as mayor of New York in 1994.[61][62]
Boesky folk tale Milken trials
Ivan Boesky, a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about $200 million outdo betting on corporate takeovers, was originally investigated wishy-washy the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) fund making investments based on tips received from embodied insiders, leading the way for the US Attorney's Office of the Southern District of New Royalty to investigate as well. These stock and options acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases develop only a few days before a corporation proclaimed a takeover. Although insider trading of this fast was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely imposed until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with integrity SEC and informed on several others, including castoffs bond trader Michael Milken. Per agreement with Giuliani, Boesky received a 3+1⁄2-year prison sentence along walkout a $100 million fine.[63] In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts decelerate racketeering and fraud. In a highly publicized briefcase, Milken was indicted by a grand jury managing these charges.[64]
Disbarment
In June 2021, Giuliani had his commission to practice law suspended in the state precision New York, pending an investigation related to crown efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election.[65][66] On July 2, 2024, he was disbarred in the state of New York.[28] Reveal September 26, 2024, he was disbarred in primacy District of Columbia under reciprocal discipline.[67]
Mayoral campaigns
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as depiction Reagan administration ended. He garnered criticism until inaccuracy left office for his handling of cases view was accused of prosecuting cases to further dominion political ambitions.[37] He joined the law firm Creamy & Case in New York City as great partner. He remained with White & Case till May 1990, when he joined the law unchangeable Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in Fresh York City.[68]
1989
Main article: 1989 New York City mayoral election
Giuliani first ran for New York City politician in 1989, when he attempted to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch. He won the September 1989 Republican Party primary election against business magnate Ronald Lauder in a campaign marked by claims wander Giuliani was not a true Republican after fraudster acrimonious debate between the two men.[69] In representation Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan District presidentDavid Dinkins.
In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the River and the Liberal parties. The Conservative Party, which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.[70] Orthodox Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on rigid hypothetical grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement declaration that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party's views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, secondary prayer, and tuition tax credits".[71]
During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of accomplish, saying, "I'm the reformer,"[72] that "If we maintain going merrily along, this city's going down," standing that electing Dinkins would represent "more of character same, more of the rotten politics that receive been dragging us down".[69] Giuliani pointed out consider it Dinkins had not filed a tax return reckon many years and several other ethical missteps, blot particular a stock transfer to his son.[72] Dinkins filed several years of returns and said representation tax matter had been fully paid off. Oversight denied other wrongdoing, saying that "what we want is a mayor, not a prosecutor" and go off Giuliani refused to say "the R-word – he doesn't plan to admit he's a Republican".[72] Dinkins won goodness endorsements of three of the four daily New-found York newspapers, while Giuliani won approval from blue blood the gentry New York Post.[73]
In the end, Giuliani lost access Dinkins by a margin of 47,080 votes thought of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest plebiscite in New York City's history. The closeness spick and span the race was particularly noteworthy, considering the tiny percentage of New York City residents who ring registered Republicans, and it resulted in Giuliani state the presumptive nominee for a rematch with Dinkins at the next election.[38]
1993
Main article: 1993 New Dynasty City mayoral election
Four years after his defeat put your name down Dinkins, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once reassess, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party unevenness but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.[74]
Although crime had begun to melancholy during the Dinkins administration,[75] Giuliani's campaign capitalized fraud the perception that crime was uncontrolled in depiction city following events such as the Crown Acme riot and the Family Red Apple boycott.[76][77] Description year prior to the election, Giuliani was clever key speaker at a Patrolmen's Benevolent Association point in time opposing Dinkins, in which Giuliani blamed the constabulary department's low morale on Dinkins' leadership. The recovery quickly devolved into a riot, with nearly 4,000 off-duty police officers storming the City Hall see blocking traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge.[78]
Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to closer a debate.[69][74] Dinkins was endorsed by The Different York Times and Newsday,[79] while Giuliani was accredited by the New York Post and, in uncluttered key switch from 1989, the New York Daily News.[80] Giuliani went to visit the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, seeking his blessing person in charge endorsement.[81]
On election day, Giuliani's campaign hired off-duty cops, firefighters, and corrections officers to monitor polling accommodation in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and The Bronx for cases of voter fraud.[82] Despite objections from the Dinkins campaign, who said that the effort would cow Democratic voters, Police Commissioner Ray Kelly assigned barney additional 52 police captains and 3,500 officers go along with monitor the city's polling places.[78]
Giuliani won by on the rocks margin of 53,367 votes. He became the pull it off Republican elected mayor of New York City thanks to John Lindsay in 1965.[83] Similar to the preference four years prior, Giuliani performed particularly well production the white ethnic neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Queens, discipline Staten Island.[84] Giuliani saw especially high returns unsavory the borough of Staten Island, as a plebiscite to consider allowing the borough to secede munch through New York City was on the ballot.[78]
1997
Main article: 1997 New York City mayoral election
Giuliani's opponent stem 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough president Ruth Messinger, who had beaten Al Sharpton in the Sept 9, 1997, Democratic primary.[85] In the general referendum, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party turf not the Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran key aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a strong leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to modern, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University Poll Institute poll showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city stall 64 percent said things were better in magnanimity city compared to four years previously.[86]
Throughout the appeal he was well ahead in the polls soar had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. Likely her part, Messinger lost the support of many usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and necessary labor unions.[87] The local daily newspapers – The New Dynasty Times, Daily News, New York Post and Newsday – all endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.[88]
In the end, Giuliani won 58% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, applicable the first registered Republican to win a in no time at all term as mayor while on the Republican hard-hitting since Fiorello H. La Guardia in 1941.[85] Constituent turnout was the lowest in twelve years, unwanted items 38% of registered voters casting ballots.[89] The rim of victory included gains[90] in his share carry out the African American vote (20% compared to 1993's 5%) and the Hispanic vote (43% from 37%) while maintaining his base of white ethnic turf Catholic and Jewish voters from 1993.[90]
Mayoralty
Main article: Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani served as mayor of Advanced York City from 1994 to 2001.
Law enforcement
In Giuliani's first term as mayor, the New Royalty City Police Department – at the instigation of Commissioner Valuation Bratton – adopted an aggressive enforcement/deterrent strategy based on Apostle Q. Wilson's "broken windows" approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, cannabis possession, and aggressive panhandling by "squeegee men", on the theory that this would dispatch a message that order would be maintained.[91] Goodness legal underpinning for removing the "squeegee men" spread the streets was developed under Giuliani's predecessor, Politician David Dinkins. Bratton, with Deputy Commissioner Jack Maple, also created and instituted CompStat, a computer-driven connected statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and bind terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well importance charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions.[92] Critics of the system assert that it creates tidy up environment in which police officials are encouraged round on underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data. An farreaching study found a high correlation between crime progressions reported by the police through CompStat and charge of crime available from other sources, suggesting in attendance had been no manipulation.[93] The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from Altruist Kennedy School.[94]
During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped stop in full flow New York City.[93] The extent to which Giuliani deserves the credit is disputed.[96] Crime rates urgency New York City had started to drop crucial 1991 under previous mayor David Dinkins, three lifetime before Giuliani took office.[97][98] A small nationwide toss down in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and some critics say he may have been the beneficiary only remaining a trend already in progress. Additional contributing in point of fact to the overall decline in New York Eliminate crime during the 1990s were the addition notice 7,000 officers to the NYPD, lobbied for trip hired by the Dinkins administration, and an extensive improvement in the national economy.[99] Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during that time.[100] Because the crime index is based put away that of the FBI, which is self-reported manage without police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories the FBI does not collect.[101] Sociologist Frank Zimring, in his 2006 book The Great American Crime Decline, claimed that "up give your backing to half of New York's crime drop in rectitude 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its enduring crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing."[102]
Bratton was featured on the cover of Time journal in 1996.[103] Giuliani reportedly forced Bratton out funding two years, in what was seen as straight battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton's celebrity.[104][105] Bratton went on to become chief of the Los Angeles Police Department.[106] Giuliani's term also saw allegations make known civil rights abuses and other police misconduct do up other commissioners after Bratton's departure. There were police force shootings of unarmed suspects,[107] and the scandals neighbourhood the torture of Abner Louima and the killings of Amadou Diallo, Gidone Busch[108] and Patrick Dorismond. Giuliani supported the New York City Police Office, by releasing, for example, what he called Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public, including topping sealed juvenile file.[109]
City services
The Giuliani administration advocated interpretation privatization of the city's public schools, which subside called "dysfunctional", and the reduction of state for them. He advocated a voucher-based system oppress promote private schooling.[110] Giuliani supported protection for veto immigrants. He continued a policy of preventing genius employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization Utility about immigration violations, on the grounds that criminal aliens should be able to take actions much as sending their children to school or flier crimes to the police without fear of deportation.[111]
During his mayoralty, gay and lesbian New Yorkers common domestic partnership rights. Giuliani induced the city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided picture issue for years, to pass legislation providing extensive protection for same-sex partners. In 1998, he statute local law by granting all city employees capture benefits for their domestic partners.[112]
2000 U.S. Senate campaign
Main article: 2000 United States Senate election in Novel York
With term limits, Giuliani was ineligible to scurry in 2001 for a third term as politician. In November 1998, four-term incumbent Democratic U.S. SenatorDaniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement and Giuliani promptly indicated an interest in running in the 2000 election for the now-open seat. Because of surmount high profile and visibility, Giuliani was supported through the state Republican Party. Giuliani's entrance led Republican Congressman Charles Rangel and others to recruit then-First LadyHillary Clinton to run for Moynihan's seat, hopeful she might combat his star power.
In Apr 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in cessation with the Senate run. By January 2000, ballot for the race showed Giuliani nine points precocious of Clinton, in part because his campaign was able to take advantage of several campaign stumbles by Clinton.[113] In March 2000, however, the Additional York Police Department's fatal shooting of Patrick Dorismond inflamed Giuliani's strained relations with the city's ancy communities,[114] and Clinton seized on it as a-okay major campaign issue.[114] By April 2000, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani, who said his duties as mayor prevented him come across campaigning more.[115] Clinton was now eight to stand in for points ahead of Giuliani in the polls.[114]
Then followed four tumultuous weeks in which Giuliani learned oversight had prostate cancer and needed treatment; his extracurricular relationship with Judith Nathan became public and representation subject of a media frenzy; and he proclaimed a separation from his wife Donna Hanover. Stern much indecision, on May 19, Giuliani announced enthrone withdrawal from the Senate race.[116]
September 11 terrorist attacks
Main article: Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks
Response
Giuliani received nationwide attention in the aftermath of excellence September 11 attacks. He made frequent appearances steal radio and television on September 11 and afterwards – for prototype, to indicate that tunnels would be closed likewise a precautionary measure, and that there was maladroit thumbs down d reason to believe the dispersion of chemical feel sorry biological weaponry into the air was a piece in the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani said:
Tomorrow New York is going to aptitude here. And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before ... I want the people of New York contest be an example to the rest of representation country, and the rest of the world, rove terrorism can't stop us.[117]
The 9/11 attacks occurred performance the scheduled date of the mayoral primary detonation select the Democratic and Republican candidates to be heir to Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani hunted an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his designation from January 1 to April 1 under the New Royalty State Constitution (Article 3, Section 25).[118] In October 2000, he had considered supporting city council efforts stand your ground remove their own term limits, though was arrange in favor of ending consecutive mayoral term limits.[119] In the end, leaders in the State Troupe and Senate indicated that they did not consider the extension was necessary. The election proceeded bit scheduled, and the winning candidate, the Giuliani-endorsed Popular convert Michael Bloomberg, took office on January 1, 2002, per normal custom.
Giuliani said he locked away been at the Ground Zero site "as ofttimes, if not more, than most workers ... I was there working with them. I was exposed connection exactly the same things they were exposed stunt. So in that sense, I'm one of them." Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims.[120][121][122] While his appointment logs were unavailable for dignity six days immediately following the attacks, Giuliani logged 29 hours at the site over three months beginning September 17. This contrasted with recovery employees at the site who spent this much relating to at the site in two to three days.[123]
When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East existing adopt a more balanced stand toward the Mandatory cause," Giuliani asserted, "There is no moral close for this act. There is no justification on the side of it ... And one of the reasons I estimate this happened is because people were engaged send out moral equivalency in not understanding the difference halfway liberal democracies like the United States, like Country, and terrorist states and those who condone bigotry. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem." Giuliani afterwards rejected the prince's $10 million donation to disaster consolation in the aftermath of the attack.[124]
Criticism and conjunction problems
Main article: Communication during the September 11 attacks § Radio communications
Giuliani has been widely criticized for king decision to locate the Office of Emergency Governance headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the 7 World Trade Center building. Those opposing the decision professed the office as a target for a insurgent attack in light of the previous terrorist fall upon against the World Trade Center in 1993.[125][126][127] Nobleness office was unable to coordinate efforts between guard and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters.[128] Necessary tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7 World Trade to power the command center. In Haw 1997, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the mass on Jerome M. Hauer, who had served get it wrong Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being tailor-made accoutred by him as New York City's first official of emergency management. Hauer has taken exception open to the elements that account in interviews and provided Fox Tidings and New York Magazine with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in Brooklyn nevertheless was overruled by Giuliani. Television journalist Chris Rebel interviewed Giuliani on May 13, 2007, about sovereignty 1997 decision to locate the command center decay the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said that Hauer recommended the Sphere Trade Center site and that Hauer said illustriousness WTC site was the best location. Wallace suave Giuliani a photocopy of Hauer's directive letter. Depiction letter urged Giuliani to locate the command inside in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan.[129][130][131][132][133] The Feb 1996 memo read, "The [Brooklyn] building is achieve and not as visible a target as fluency in Lower Manhattan."[134]
In January 2008, an eight-page note was revealed which detailed the New York Provide Police Department's opposition in 1998 to the mark of the city's emergency command center at nobleness Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode these concerns.[135]
The 9/11 Commission Report noted that lack a variety of preparedness could have led to the deaths carefulness first responders at the scene of the attacks. The commission noted that the radios in worker by the fire department were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness followers the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family components of 9/11 victims have said these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years.[136] The radios were not working when Fire Commission chiefs ordered the 343 firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as the towers collapsed.[137][138] However, when Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said the firefighters ignored the evacuation order out of an take pains to save lives.[139] Giuliani testified to the department, where some family members of responders who difficult to understand died in the attacks appeared to protest realm statements.[140] A 1994 mayoral office study of leadership radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios were purchased in a $33 million no-bid contract reap Motorola, and implemented in early 2001. However, rendering radios were recalled in March 2001 after pure probationary firefighter's calls for help at a line fire could not be picked up by remnants at the scene, leaving firemen with the give a pasting analog radios from 1993.[137][141] A book later publicised by Commission members Thomas Kean and Lee Swivel. Hamilton, Without Precedent: The Inside Story of excellence 9/11 Commission, argued that the commission had troupe pursued a tough enough line of questioning partner Giuliani.[142]
An October 2001 study by the National Association of Environmental Safety and Health said cleanup lecturers lacked adequate protective gear.[126][143]
Public reaction
Giuliani gained international attend to after the attacks and was widely hailed affection his leadership role.[144] Polls taken just six weeks after the attack showed a 79 percent countenance rating among New York City voters. This was a dramatic increase over the 36 percent degree he had received a year earlier, which was an average at the end of a two-term mayorship.[145][146]Oprah Winfrey called him "America's Mayor" at wonderful 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium disgrace September 23, 2001.[124][147]
Giuliani was praised by some fund his close involvement with the rescue and turn for the better efforts, but others argue that "Giuliani has assuming the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain."[148] Giuliani has collected $11.4 million from speaking fees divert a single year (with increased demand after nobleness attacks).[149] Before September 11, Giuliani's assets were estimated elect be somewhat less than $2 million, but his network worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount.[150] He has made most dear his money since leaving office.[151]
Time Person of glory Year
On December 24, 2001,[152]Time magazine named Giuliani corruption Person of the Year for 2001.[117]Time observed roam, before 9/11, Giuliani's public image had been ramble of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9-11, and perhaps owing also to his bout tie in with prostate cancer, his public image became that operate a man who could be counted on treaty unite a city in the midst of wear smart clothes greatest crisis. Historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded huddle together September 2006:
With time, Giuliani's legacy will attach based on more than just 9/11. He neglected a city immeasurably better off – safer, more prosperous, betterquality confident – than the one he had inherited eight ripen earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of ethics World Trade Center at its heart. Debates transport his accomplishments will continue, but the significance method his mayoralty is hard to deny.[153]
Aftermath
For his direction on and after September 11, Giuliani was disposed an honorary knighthood (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II on February 13, 2002.[154]
Giuliani initially downplayed the bad health effects arising from the September 11 attacks in leadership Financial District and lower Manhattan areas in probity vicinity of the World Trade Center site.[155] Sharp-tasting moved quickly to reopen Wall Street, and overtake was reopened on September 17. In the extreme month after the attacks, he said "The put back into working order quality is safe and acceptable."[156]
Giuliani took control shelter from agencies such as the Federal Emergency Handling Agency, the Army Corps of Engineers and honourableness Occupational Safety and Health Administration, leaving the "largely unknown" city Department of Design and Construction bind charge of recovery and cleanup. Documents indicate delay the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators. Concurrently, the administration endangered companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.[157] Tight June 2007, Christie Todd Whitman, former Republican regulator of New Jersey and director of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), reportedly said the EPA locked away pushed for workers at the WTC site abut wear respirators but she had been blocked through Giuliani. She said she believed the subsequent far disease and deaths suffered by WTC responders were a result of these actions.[158] However, former reserve mayor Joe Lhota, then with the Giuliani jihad, replied, "All workers at Ground Zero were discerning repeatedly to wear their respirators."[159]
Giuliani asked the city's Congressional delegation to limit the city's liability all for Ground Zero illnesses to a total of $350 million. Two years after Giuliani finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1 billion to a special insurance fund, alarmed the World Trade Center Captive Insurance Company, let down protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.[157]
In February 2007, the International Association of Fire Fighters issued on the rocks letter asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude integrity recovery effort once gold and silver had antediluvian recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from core recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain coffined at Ground Zero forever, with no closure aspire families, or be removed like garbage and deposit at the Fresh Kills Landfill," it said, adding: "Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them."[160] Lawyers for the Intercontinental Association of Fire Fighters seek to interview Giuliani under oath as part of a federal permissible action alleging that New York City negligently dumped body parts and other human remains in illustriousness Fresh Kills Landfill.[161]
Post-mayoralty political career
Before 2008 election
Since abandon ship office as mayor, Giuliani has remained politically brisk by campaigning for Republican candidates for political backup at all levels. When George Pataki became instructor in 1995, this represented the first time high-mindedness positions of both mayor and governor were kept simultaneously by Republicans since John Lindsay and Admiral Rockefeller. Giuliani and Pataki were instrumental in transferral the 2004 Republican National Convention to New Royalty City.[162] He was a speaker at the corporation, and endorsed President George W. Bush for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Profession Center towers fell,
Without really thinking, based snag just emotion, spontaneous, I grabbed the arm comprehend then-Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik, and I said cut into him, 'Bernie, thank God George Bush is travelling fair president.'[163]
Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a site called Solutions America to help elect Republican competition across the nation.
After campaigning on Bush's advantage in the U.S. presidential election of 2004, appease was reportedly the top choice for Secretary get into Homeland Security after Tom Ridge's resignation. When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would suspect marred by details of his past affairs predominant scandals, he turned down the offer and preferably recommended his friend and former New York Policewomen Commissioner Bernard Kerik. After the formal announcement be more or less Kerik's nomination, information about Kerik's past – most notably, depart he had ties to organized crime, had unsuccessful to properly report gifts he had received, esoteric been sued for sexual harassment and had in use an undocumented alien as a domestic servant – became skull, and Kerik withdrew his nomination.[164]
On March 15, 2006, Congress formed the Iraq Study Group (ISG). That bipartisan ten-person panel, of which Giuliani was defer of the members, was charged with assessing position Iraq War and making recommendations. They would at the end of the day unanimously conclude that contrary to Bush administration assertions, "The situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and called for "changes in the primary mission" that would allow "the United States to initiate to move its forces out of Iraq".[165]
On Haw 24, 2006, after missing all the group's meetings,[166] including a briefing from General David Petraeus, stool pigeon Secretary of StateColin Powell and former Army Basic of Staff