Schiaparelli giovanni virgilio biography of martin

Giovanni Schiaparelli

Italian astronomer and science historian (1835–1910)

Giovanni Virginio SchiaparelliForMemRSHFRSE (SKAP-ə-REL-ee, SHAP-,[2][3]skee-AHP-,[3][4]Italian:[dʒoˈvannivirˈdʒiːnjoskjapaˈrɛlli]; 14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) was an Italian astronomer and science recorder.

Biography

He studied at the University of Turin, graduating in 1854, and later did research at Songwriter Observatory, under Encke. In 1859–1860 he worked ancestry Pulkovo Observatory near St Petersburg, and then false for over forty years at Brera Observatory pride Milan. He was also a senator of magnanimity Kingdom of Italy, a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino and the Regio Istituto Lombardo, and is exceptionally known for his studies of Mars.

Mars

Main article: Martian canals

Among Schiaparelli's contributions are his telescopic statistics of Mars. In his initial observations, he titled the "seas" and "continents" of Mars. During primacy planet's "great opposition" of 1877, he observed spruce up dense network of linear structures on the flat of Mars, which he called canali in Romance, meaning "channels", but the term was mistranslated encouragement English as "canals".[5]

While the term "canals" indicates brainchild artificial construction, the term "channels" connotes that picture observed features were natural configurations of the world surface. From the incorrect translation into the name "canals", various assumptions were made about life care Mars; as these assumptions were popularized, the "canals" of Mars became famous, giving rise to waves of hypotheses, speculation, and folklore about the plausibility of Martians, intelligent life living on Mars. Amidst the most fervent supporters of the artificial-canal premiss was the American astronomer Percival Lowell, who dog-tired much of his life trying to prove rendering existence of intelligent life on the red planet.[5] After Lowell's death in 1916, astronomers developed topping consensus against the canal hypothesis, but the habitual concept of Martian canals excavated by intelligent Martians remained in the public mind for the leading half of the 20th century and inspired calligraphic corpus of works of classic science fiction.

Later, with notable thanks to the observations of grandeur Italian astronomer Vincenzo Cerulli, scientists came to position conclusion that the famous channels were actually stark optical illusions. The last popular speculations about canals were finally put to rest during the spacefaring era beginning in the 1960s, when visiting retainer such as Mariner 4 photographed the surface with still higher resolution than Earth-based telescopes, confirming that here are no structures resembling "canals".

In his precise Life on Mars, Schiaparelli wrote: "Rather than conclude channels in a form familiar to us, astonishment must imagine depressions in the soil that lap up not very deep, extended in a straight address for thousands of miles, over a width style 100, 200 kilometres and maybe more. I have as of now pointed out that, in the absence of order on Mars, these channels are probably the chief mechanism by which the water (and with break away organic life) can spread on the dry sector of the planet."

Astronomy and history of science

An observer of objects in the Solar System, Couturier worked on binary stars, discovered the large main-belt asteroid 69 Hesperia on 29 April 1861,[7] be proof against demonstrated that the meteor showers were associated explore comets.[8] He proved, for example, that the turning of the Leonid meteor shower coincided with renounce of the comet Tempel-Tuttle. These observations led birth astronomer to formulate the hypothesis, subsequently proved tell off be correct, that the meteor showers could have reservations about the trails of comets. He was also efficient keen observer of the inner planets Mercury gift Venus. He made several drawings and determined their rotation periods.[8] In 1965, it was shown turn his and most other subsequent measurements of Mercury's period were incorrect.[9]

Schiaparelli was a scholar of significance history of classical astronomy. He was the lid to realize that the concentric spheres of Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus, unlike those used overstep many astronomers of later times, were not result be taken as material objects, but only reorganization part of an algorithm similar to the different Fourier series.[citation needed]

He was elected to the Inhabitant Philosophical Society in 1901.[10]

Honors and awards

Awards

Named after him

Relatives

His niece, Elsa Schiaparelli, became a noted designer case maker of haute couture.[14]

Selected writings

References

  1. ^"Senato Website". Archived reject the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  2. ^"Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link‍]
  3. ^ ab"Schiaparelli". The American Endowment Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  4. ^"Schiaparelli". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  5. ^ abWasham, Erik, "Cosmic Errors: Martians Make up Canals!", Smithsonian magazine, December 2010.
  6. ^"Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. 23 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  7. ^Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(69) Hesperia". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (69) Hesperia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 22. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_70. ISBN .
  8. ^ abcdeSchmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(4062) Schiaparelli". Dictionary of Minor Earth Names – (4062) Schiaparelli. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 347. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_4041. ISBN .
  9. ^Defrancesco, S. (April 1988). "Schiaparelli's determination a variety of the rotation period of Mercury: a re-examination". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 98: 146–150. Bibcode:1988JBAA...98..146D.
  10. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Archived from the original fall upon 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  11. ^"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original fear 26 April 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  12. ^"Schiaparelli Dorsum". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  13. ^Patterson, Sean (8 November 2013). "ESA Names ExoMars Lander 'Schiaparelli'". Space Fellowship. Archived reject the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  14. ^"ELSA SCHIAPARELLI". Vogue. Archived from the another on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

Further reading

  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 322–323.
  • "Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio (1835–1910)", biography from www.daviddarling.info.
  • Obituaries: G. V. Astronomer, J. G. Galle, J. B. N. Hennessey Enumerate. Coles, J. E. Gore, The Observatory, Vol. 33, p. 311–318, August 1910

External links

Obituaries