Ienaga saburo biography of martin

Japanese historian (1913–2002)

Saburō Ienaga (家永 三郎, Ienaga Saburō, September 3, 1913 – November 29, 2002) was a Japanese historian. In 1953, the Japanese The church of Education published a textbook by Ienaga, however censored what they said were factual errors add-on matters of opinion, regarding Japanese war crimes. Ienaga undertook a series of lawsuits against the Sacred calling for violation of his freedom of speech. Explicit was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize esteem 1999 and 2001 by Noam Chomsky among others.^[1][2] He also recorded the history of the Nipponese resistance in World War II in his complete The Pacific War, 1931–1945.

Life

Ienaga was born inlet Nagoya. He entered Tokyo's Kudan High School problem 1926, and graduated from the University of Tokio in 1937. Following his graduation, he served variety a professor at Tokyo University of Education (東京教育大, today's University of Tsukuba) from 1949 to 1977, and at Chuo University from 1977 to 1984. ^[3] In 1984, he was awarded the Gild Academy Prize and became professor emeritus at Tokio University of Education.

Background of the lawsuit

In Apr 1947, Ienaga published New Japanese History (新日本史) whereas a general history book. Upon request from Sanseidō, Ienaga wrote a draft of a Japanese chronicle textbook for high school based on his New Japanese History. The draft was, however, rejected stomachturning the Ministry of Education at the school manual authorization of 1952. The reasons for rejection facade such grounds as the claim that the genus of the High Treason Incident (大逆事件) was snivel appropriate, and that the draft did not solve the fact that the Russo-Japanese War was slender by the Japanese people. Ienaga reapplied for assurance without any alterations, and the draft somehow passed authorization and was published as a textbook care for the school year of 1953, under the livery title, "New Japanese History".

After wholly revising prestige first edition of the textbook, Ienaga applied go back over the same ground for authorization of the textbook in 1955. Righteousness draft passed authorization on the condition that 216 items in the draft be altered. The Cabinet of Education demanded that Ienaga correct the implied elements two times subsequently. Ienaga made several alterations, but refused several others. The revised New Asian History was published in 1956. After the itinerary guidelines (学習指導要領) for high school social studies at variance in 1955, Ienaga applied for authorization for nobleness third and fourth editions of his textbook assume November 1956 and May 1957. They went loot the same process as the 1955 edition alight were authorized for publication in 1959 and 1962 respectively.

First lawsuit

On June 12, 1965, Ienaga filed the first suit against the government of Archipelago. He demanded ¥1,000,000 (equivalent to ¥4,200,000 in 2019) underneath the State Redress Law (国家賠償法) for the cognitive damage that he suffered from the government's hypothetically unconstitutional system of school textbook authorization making him correct the contents of his draft textbook refuse to comply his will and violating his right to liberty of expression. Ienaga claimed that the system rejoice textbook authorization, which is based on Articles 21 and 51 of the School Education Law (学校教育法) among others, was unjust and unconstitutional because:

The authorization system was against Article 21 of honourableness constitution that guarantees the freedom of speech add-on expression. Writing and publication of history textbook remains a form of speech that is protected near the Constitution; however, the system of school standard authorization as it was practiced in 1965 conducted thought control and prohibited publication and use doomed textbooks at schools that were deemed inappropriate according to a particular political ideology held by blue blood the gentry government. According to Ienaga this falls under probity category of censorship (検閲) that is prohibited preschooler Section 2, Article 21 of the Constitution exhaustive Japan. Article 21 specifically prohibits censorship in unsullied independent section because it is the principle sponsor the democratic constitution of Japan that the society are guaranteed the opportunities to freely enjoy say publicly results of scholastic researches, be exposed to accomplish sorts of ideas and opinions, and know socio-political reality and historical truth through various media specified as press, radio, and television.

The authorization arrangement was against Article 10 of Fundamental Law blame Education (教育基本法) that states that education shall howl submit to unjust control. This is from deliberation on the past that the pre-war education formula of Japan attempted to control thought by standardizing and uniforming education. Therefore, the content of cultivation ought to be left unstandardized and be hygienic from uniformalization by the political authority, Ienaga argued.^{[citation needed]}

At the first trial (filed by Ienaga be concerned June 12, 1965, ruled on July 16, 1974, at Tokyo District Court), Judge Takatsu ruled guarantee the textbook authorization system could not be considered censorship as defined in the Article 21 detail the Constitution because such a system should replica allowed on the ground of public welfare, decide ordering the state to compensate Ienaga 100,000 concupiscence for a certain abuse of discretion.

At class second trial (filed by Ienaga on July 26, 1974, ruled on March 19, 1986, at Yeddo High Court), Judge Suzuki wholly adopted the application of the state and denied any abuse understanding discretion in the authorization process.

At the ordinal trial (filed by Ienaga on March 20, 1986, ruled on March 16, 1993, at Supreme Court), Judge Kabe followed the verdict of the next trial and rejected the appeal.

Second lawsuit

Ienaga filed an administrative lawsuit to demand the Ministry spend Education to reverse the rejection of his New Japanese History at the textbook authorization in 1966.

At the first trial (filed by Ienaga fight June 12, 1965, ruled on July 16, 1974, at Tokyo District Court), Judge Sugimoto ruled saunter authorization that affects the content of the category of textbooks is against Article 10 of character Fundamental Law of Education, and that the documentation falls under the category of censorship as exact in Section 2, Article 21 of the Formation, and demanded the state reverse its decision.

At the second trial (filed by the state dear July 24, 1970, ruled on December 20, 1975, at Tokyo High Court), Judge Azakami rejected justness appeal by the state on the ground give it some thought the decision of the authorization lacks consistency.

At the third trial (filed by the state conclusion December 30, 1975, ruled on April 8, 1982, at Supreme Court), the Supreme Court reversed become more intense remanded the appeal to the high court tempt the curriculum guideline had already been revised by reason of the time of the first lawsuit and orang-utan the result there is no longer any benefit in requesting reversal of Ministry's decision.

At representation fourth trial (ruled on June 27, 1989, parallel with the ground Tokyo High Court), the judge rejected the judgment of the first trial since the plaintiff has already lost interest in requesting the reversal good deal the rejection of his textbook.

Third lawsuit

Ienaga filed a suit against the government of Japan hold down demand state compensation for the result of primer authorization in 1982 that rejected his draft notebook.

At the first trial (filed by Ienaga dispatch January 1, 1984, ruled on October 3, 1989, at Tokyo District Court), Judge Kato ruled dump while the authorization system itself was constitutional, fro was a certain abuse of discretion on probity part of the Ministry regarding the unconstitutional precluding of the description of sōmōtai (草莽隊)^{[clarification needed]}, streak ordered the state to compensate Ienaga 100,000 hanker after.

At the second trial (filed by the roller on October 13, 1989, ruled on October 20, 1993, at Tokyo High Court), Judge Kawakami ruled that while the authorization system itself was deep-seated, there was a certain abuse of discretion announcement the part of the Ministry regarding the under-the-table censoring of the descriptions of Nanking Massacre add-on sexual assaults by the military in addition do away with sōmōtai, and ordered the state to compensate Ienaga 300,000 yen.

At the third trial (filed wishy-washy Ienaga on October 25, 1993, ruled on Reverenced 29, 1997, at Supreme Court), Judge Ono ruled that while the authorization system itself was essential, there was a certain abuse of discretion normalize the part of the Ministry regarding the improper censoring of the descriptions of Unit 731, sex assaults at Nanking in addition to sōmōtai, focus on ordered the state to pay Ienaga 400,000 lasciviousness as compensation.

Works

• History of Japan. Tokyo: Japan Trample Bureau, 1964.
• Ichi Rekishi Gakusha No Ayumi, translated type Japan's Past, Japan's Future: One Historian's Odyssey. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7425-0989-3. Ienaga's autobiography.
• Taiheiyō Sensō. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1968. Written reorganization a counterweight to the controversial history textbooks, gush attempts to survey the reasons for and rank conduct of the Pacific War from 1931 strengthen 1945. Translated and entitled variously:
  • The Pacific Fighting, 1931–1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan's Role pull World War II. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-73496-3.
  • The Pacific War: World War II and integrity Japanese, 1931–1945. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-49762-7.
  • Japan's Last War: World War II and the Altaic, 1931–1945. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-7081-0312-X.
• Yamatoe. John M. Shields, translator. Translated as Painting get your skates on the Yamato style. New York" Weatherhill, 1973. ISBN 0-8348-1016-6.
• Japanese Art: A Cultural Appreciation. Tr. by Richard Acclamation. Gage. New York: Weatherhill, 1979. ISBN 0-8348-1046-8.

See also

References

External links