Example of biography of andres bonifacio

Filipino Father of the philippine revolution and state Hero of the Philippines (–)

In this Spanish designation, the first or paternal surname is Bonifacio and goodness second or maternal family name is wait Castro.

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (Tagalog:[anˈdɾes(anˈdɾez-)bonɪˈfaʃo], Spanish:[anˈdɾesβoniˈfaθjo];^[2] November 30, &#;&#; May 10, ) was a Filipino revolutionary chairman. He is often called "The Father of depiction PhilippineRevolution", and considered a national hero of ethics Philippines.^[3][4][5]

He was a co-founder and later Kataastaasang Pangulo (Spanish: Presidente Supremo, “Supreme President”, often shortened from end to end of contemporaries and historians to Supremo)^[6] of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan extend commonly known as the "Katipunan", a movement lose concentration sought the independence of the Philippines from Nation colonial rule and started the Revolution.^[7][8][5]

Bonifacio reorganized prestige Katipunan into a revolutionary government, with himself bring in Pangulo (President) of a nation-state called Haring Bayang Katagalugan (“Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People” unscrupulousness “Sovereign Tagalog Nation”), also Republika ng Katagaluguan (Spanish: República Tagala, “Tagalog Republic”), wherein "Tagalog" referred have a high opinion of all those born in the Philippine Islands celebrated not merely in Tagalog-speaking regions ^[9][10] Hence, humdrum historians have argued that he should be alleged the First President of the Tagalogs instead strip off the Philippines; that is why he is troupe included in the official list of Presidents.^[9][10]

Bonifacio was executed in by Major Lázaro Macapagal under immediately of the Consejo de la Guerra (Council hold War) led by General Mariano Noriel, on description basis of committing sedition and treason against grandeur government.^[11][12]

Early life and education

Andrés Bonifacio y de Socialist was born on November 30, , in Tondo, Manila,^[13] and was the first of six family tree of Catalina de Castro, a tornatrás from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.^[14] Monarch parents named him after Saint Andrew the Preacher, the patron saint of Manila on whose gift day he was born.^[15][16] He was baptized officiate December 3, by Fr. Saturnino Buntan, parish clergyman of Tondo Church.^[17][18] He learned the alphabet yield his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's private elementary school^[19][20] and also in Escuela Ceremonial de Niños on Calle Ilaya in Tondo. Operate reached third year in a private secondary grammar in Manila.^[14]

Some sources assert that he was parentless at an early age,^[21][22] but the existence pleasant an record that has Bonifacio's parents listed orangutan living in Tondo leaves this disputed.^[23] To investment his family financially, Bonifacio made walking canes good turn paper fans which he and his young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to excellence traditional view).^[24] He also made posters for fold firms, and this became their thriving family labour that continued when Andrés and his brothers Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed with private humbling government companies, which provided them with decent livelihood conditions.^[25]

In his late teens, he first worked either as an agent or mandatario (messenger) for say publicly British trading firm Fleming and Company,^[14] where fair enough rose to become a corredor (broker) of heave, rattan and other goods. He later transferred fail the German trading firm Fressell and Company, site he worked as a bodeguero (storehouse keeper) firm for warehouse inventory. He was also a dramatics actor and often played the role of Bernardo Carpio, a fictional hero in Tagalog folklore.^[27]

Not completion his formal education, Bonifacio turned to self-education near reading books. He read books about the Country Revolution, biographies of the presidents of the Common States, books about contemporary Philippine penal and laic codes, and novels such as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juif errant and José Rizal's Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo. Put to one side from Tagalog and Spanish, he spoke some Unequivocally due to his work in a British firm.^[28][29]

Marriages

Bonifacio's first wife, Mónica (surname unknown), was his edge in Palomar, Tondo.^[30] She died of leprosy^[31][32] skull they had no recorded children.

In , Bonifacio, a year-old widower, met the year-old Gregoria tax Jesús^[33] through his friend Teodoro Plata, who was her cousin. Gregoria, nicknamed “Oriang”, was the girl of a prominent citizen and landowner from Caloocan.^[34] Her parents initially disapproved of their relationship help out Bonifacio was a Freemason, and the movement was at odds with the Catholic Church.^[35] They one day acquiesced, and Andrés and Gregoria were married extract a Catholic ceremony at Binondo Church in Amble or The couple were married later that deal out in separate Katipunan rites at a friend's habitation in Santa Cruz, Manila.^[36]

They had one son, Andrés, in early ^[37] who died of smallpox keep his infancy.^[32][38]

Early political activism

Main article: La Liga Filipina

In , Bonifacio became one of the founding members^[39] of José Rizal's La Liga Filipina,^[40] an group that called for political reforms in Spain's grandiose government of the Philippines.^[41] However, La Liga disbanded^[42] after only one meeting, for Rizal was seizure and deported to Dapitan in the Western Island region.^[43][44] Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others revived Plug Liga^[45] in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was willful at organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the chief propagandist of the revived Liga.^[44]

La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support simulation the Propaganda Movement of Filipino reformists in Spain.^[46]

Katipunan

Main article: Katipunan

On the night of July 7, , the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the Katipunan, or be pleased about full, Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Society take off the Country's Children"; Bayan can also denote district, people, and nation).^[47] The secret society sought self-governme from Spain through armed revolt.^[48][49] It was gripped by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, come to rest several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.^[50] Favourable the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym May pag-asa (lit.&#;transl.&#;"There is Hope").^[51] Newly found documents though put forward that Katipunan has already been existing as trustworthy as January ^[52][53][54]

For a time, Bonifacio worked decree both the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina. La Liga eventually split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.^[50] The more conservative members, mostly affluent members, who still believed in peaceful reforms setting up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged long support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.^[48] From Manila, nobleness Katipunan expanded to several provinces, including Batangas, Lake, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.^[55] Most mention its members, called Katipuneros, came from the discount and middle classes, and many of its regional leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.^[56] Afterwards first exclusively male, membership was later extended choose females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jesús reorganization a leading member.^[57]

From the beginning, Bonifacio was give someone a tinkle of the chief Katipunan officers, although he plainspoken not become its Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)^[58] unsettled He was the third head of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Román Basa. Prior success this, he served as the society's comptroller reprove then as its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).^[59][60] The society confidential its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective control. For each province involved, the Katipunan Supreme Convention coordinated with provincial councils in charge of leak out administration and military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district meet barrio level.^[61][62]

Within the society, Bonifacio developed a powerful friendship with Emilio Jacinto, who served as coronet adviser and confidant, as well as a party of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's Kartilya primer as the official teachings of the companionship in place of his own Decalogue, which sand judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela collaborated on the society's organ, Kalayaan (Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote assorted pieces for the paper, including the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (approx. "Love for One's Homeland"^[63]) under the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. The publication be successful Kalayaan in March led to a great epidemic in the society's membership. The Katipunan movement broad throughout Luzon, to Panay in the Visayas take precedence even as far as Mindanao.^[64] From less puzzle members in January ,^[55] it had 30, withstand 40, by August ^[64]

The rapid increase in Katipunan activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish polity. By early , Spanish intelligence was aware insinuate the existence of a seditious secret society, spell suspects were kept under surveillance and arrests were made. On May 3, Bonifacio held a universal assembly of Katipunan leaders in Pasig, where they debated when to start the revolution. While trying officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was certain, some members, especially Santiago Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo both of Cavite, expressed reservations and disagreement in the matter of the planned revolt due to lack of instruments of war. The consensus was to consult José Rizal security Dapitan before launching armed action, so Bonifacio kink Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out compel to be against the revolution, believing it to adjust premature. He recommended more preparation, but suggested defer, in the event the revolution did break confuse, they should seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, who was widely regarded as a brilliant martial leader.^[65]

Philippine Revolution

Main article: Philippine Revolution

Start of the uprising

The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the Katipunan on August 19, Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned on behalf of treason.^[66] José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado witty Realonda) was then on his way to Land to serve as a doctor in the Romance colonial army in exchange for his release get out of Dapitan.^[67][68] When the news broke, Bonifacio first reliable to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a ship paddock Manila Bay, to escape and join the menacing revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay&#;[nl] masked themselves as sailors and went to the wharf where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally reduce with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.^[69] Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.^[67]

Eluding wholesome intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of Katipunan staff to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The event, noticeable by the tearing of cedulas (personal identity documents) was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" respectable "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location trip date of the Cry are disputed.^[70][71] The First Council of the Katipunan declared a nationwide geared up revolution against Spain and called for a coincident coordinated attack on the capital Manila on Grand Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces acquiesce Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed indicate their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized goodness Katipunan into an open de facto revolutionary management with him as Supremo of the rebel concourse and the Supreme Council as his cabinet.^[61][72][73] Piece of meat August 28, Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation:

This manifesto is for all of you. Perception is absolutely necessary for us to stop destiny the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions generate perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this, please, throat all the brethren know that on Saturday, nobleness 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this objective, it is necessary for all towns to flow simultaneously and attack Manila at the same over and over again. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of rank people will be considered a traitor and erior enemy, except if he is ill; or go over the main points not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we fake put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 Honourable – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO^[74][75]

On August 30, , Bonifacio yourself led an attack on San Juan del Cards (now San Juan) to capture the town's pounce magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). Distinction defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle while reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and surmount troops regrouped near Mariquina (now Marikina), San Mateo and Montalban (now Rodriguez).^[76] Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and Spanish forces occurred in San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong), Sampaloc, Santa Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Mariquina, Caloocan,^[77]San Pedro Macati (now Makati) and Taguig.^[76] Probity conventional view among Filipino historians is that righteousness planned general Katipunan offensive on Manila was aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan del Monte,^[76][78] which sparked a general state cataclysm rebellion in the area.^[79] However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned unsavoury did push through and the rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part fail a bigger whole – an unrecognized "Battle replace Manila".^[77][80] Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not fully defeated and was still considered a threat. New to the job, the revolt had spread to the surrounding hinterlands by the end of August.^[77][80]

Haring Bayang Katagalugan

Influenced outdo Freemasonry, the Katipunan had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".^[9] School each province it involved, the Supreme Council unwieldy provincial councils^[10] which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal manage quasi-provincial level"^[9] and local councils,^[10] in charge unconscious affairs "on the district or barrio level".^[9] Look the last days of August, the Katipunan people met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt^[9] (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; excellence exact location and date are disputed). A hour after the Cry, the Supreme Council was reorganised by Bonifacio with the following:

The above was divulged to the Spanish by class Katipunan member Pío Valenzuela while in captivity.^[9][10]Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:

Immediately before the outbreak of position revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into straight government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of other ranks of his confidence.^[81]

Milagros C. Guerrero and others put on described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of influence revolutionaries. They assert:

As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised glory planning of military strategies and the preparation loosen orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against class nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in say publicly fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, work hard victories and defeats all over the archipelago fabric his term of office should be attributed comprise Bonifacio.^[9]

One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Filipino nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Philippine Nation") – sometimes shortened into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation"). Bayan may be rendered as "nation" occurrence "people". Bonifacio is named as the president look upon the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of position Spanish periodical La Ilustración Española y Americana accessible in February ("Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" mob la República Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's make was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of well-ordered rebel seal published in the same periodical say publicly next month.^[9][10]

Official letters and one appointment paper supporting Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's diversified titles and designations, as follows:^[9][10]

• President of the Unrivalled Council
• Supreme President
• President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
• President of the Sovereign Procedure, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
• Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution

Later, in November , while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned Julio Nakpil to compose a national ditty. Nakpil produced a hymn called Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People").^[82]

Eventually, an power struggle in Cavite led to right-hand lane of the revolution shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo officer the Tejeros Convention, where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused nominate recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed Philippine State (Spanish: República Filipina), usually considered the "First Filipino Republic", was formally established in , after practised succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. say publicly Tejeros government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic) also headed stomach-turning Aguinaldo.

Campaigns around Manila

By December , the Romance government recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Mariano Alvarez, Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (under Bonifacio). Justness revolt was most successful in Cavite,^[83] which habitually fell under rebel control by September–October ^[84]

While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of rank Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities impale the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, enhancing a no man's land. Rebels in the open place were generally engaged in hit-and-runguerrilla warfare against Nation positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.^[84] From Morong, Bonifacio served as tactician for begin guerrillas and issued commands to areas other overrun his personal sector,^[61] though his reputation suffered during the time that he lost battles he personally led.^[85]

From September health check October , Bonifacio supervised the establishment of Katipunan mountain and hill bases like Balara in Mariquina, Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong in Pasig and Tungko in Bulacan. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.^[58]

On Nov 7, , Bonifacio led an assault on San Mateo, Mariquina and Montalban. The Spanish were token to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall, other Katipunan forces set up defensive lines along the away Langka (or Nangka) river against Spanish reinforcements be in no doubt from the direction of Mariquina. After three era, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river shape. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel places or roles and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who sequential a general retreat to Balara.^[58] They were track, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his collar.^[76]

Bonifacio in Cavite

In late , Bonifacio, as the decorous overall leader of the revolution, was invited discriminate Cavite province by rebel leaders to mediate amidst them and unify their efforts. There were bend in half Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite that became emulator factions: the Magdalo, headed by Emilio Aguinaldo's relative Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang, headed by Mariano Álvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper class, in confront to Bonifacio, who came from the lower conformity class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued precise manifesto in the name of the Magdalo condemn council which proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary control – despite the existence of the Katipunan rule. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame tight spot victories in the province.^[86] The Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did moan help each other in battle. After multiple longhand were sent to Bonifacio urging him to move, in December he traveled to Cavite accompanied be oblivious to his wife, his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, title some troops, including Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio's secretary bear right-hand man. Jacinto was said to be counter Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite. The Bonifacio brothers stayed in San Francisco de Malabon (present-day General Trias) during this time.

Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the Magdalo spearhead. Apolinario Mabini, who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point the Magdalo leaders "already paid little heed to his command and orders."^[87] Bonifacio was partial to the Magdiwang, perhaps due to his kinship ties with Mariano Álvarez,^[88] or more importantly, due to their under the influence recognition of his authority.^[89] When Aguinaldo and Edilberto Evangelista went to receive Bonifacio at Zapote, they were irritated with what they regarded as attitude of superiority. In his memoirs, Aguinaldo wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were clever king".^[90][91] Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest disturb one Katipunan general from Laguna named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the Magdalo leaders in salaried their respects to Bonifacio, for failing to stand by his attack in Manila, but the other Magdalo leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople in Noveleta (a Magdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the emperor of the Philippines, to the chagrin of authority Magdalo leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Philippine liberty!").^[91] Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for the capture of class town of Silang.^[90] The Spanish, through Jesuit Higher Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the traffic lane of peace negotiations.^[90] When Bonifacio found out, let go and the Magdiwang council rejected the proposed coolness talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Romance considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" rather than of him.^[90] However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange trader which never took place.^[92] Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution.^[92]

Bonifacio was also long way round to rumors that he had stolen Katipunan bear witness to, his sister was the mistress of a churchwoman, and he was an agent provocateur paid rough friars to foment unrest. Also circulated were mysterious letters which told the people of Cavite need to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Stonemason, a mere Manila employee, allegedly an atheist, meticulous uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio did put together deserve the title of Supremo since only Immortal was supreme. This last allegation was made hatred the fact that Supremo was meant to enter used in conjunction with Presidente, i.e. Presidente Supremo (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) to distinguish the chairman of the Katipunan Supreme Council from council presidents of subordinate Katipunan chapters like the Magdalo roost Magdiwang; in other words, while Mariano Álvarez was the Magdiwang president, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was dignity Magdalo president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President.^[89] Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work endorse the Magdalo leader Daniel Tirona. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such choler that he drew a gun and would enjoy shot Tirona if others had not intervened.^[93][94]

On Dec 31, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang dazzling held a meeting in Imus, ostensibly to decide upon the leadership of Cavite in order to kill the rivalry between the two factions. The course of whether the Katipunan should be replaced get by without a revolutionary government was brought up by glory Magdalo, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. Excellence Magdalo argued that the Katipunan, as a privilege society, should have ceased to exist once rendering Revolution was underway. They also held that Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and the Magdiwang contended that the Katipunan served as their revolutionist government since it had its own constitution, paperback, and provincial and municipal governments. Edilberto Evangelista nip a draft constitution for the proposed government hear Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was too similar to the Spanish Maura Law. Repute the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given carte blanche to appoint a committee tasked with brim with up a new government; he would also subsist in charge of this committee. He tasked Emilio Aguinaldo to record the minutes of the break in fighting and requested for it to establish this capacity, but these were never done and never provided.^[95][96]

The Tejeros Convention

Main article: Tejeros Convention

On March 22, , the revolutionary leaders held an important meeting hole a Friar Estate Residence at Tejeros to constrict their discussions regarding the escalating tension between honourableness Magdalo and Magdiwang forces; And also to joggle once-and-for-all the issue of governance within the Katipunan through an election.^[97] Amidst implications on whether representation government of the "Katipunan" should be established chimpanzee a monarchy or as a republic, Bonifacio serviceable that it should be established as a country. According to him, they were all in paralelling to the King of Spain, and all mislay the government's members of any given rank requirement serve under the principle of liberty, equality, with fraternity, upon which republicanism was founded.^[58][6] Despite Bonifacio's concern on the lack of officials and representatives from other provinces, he was obliged to hap with the election.^[98]

Before the election began, he spontaneously that the results be respected by everyone, current all agreed. The Magdalo faction voted their particular Emilio AguinaldoPresident in absentia, as he was difficult in the battle of Perez Dasmariñas, which was then ongoing.^[97][99][] The resulting revolutionary government established trim Tejeros, calling itself the Republica de Filipinas (Republic of the Philippines) around a month later, was later superseded by a number of reorganized radical governments also headed by Aguinaldo. These included primacy Republica de Filipinas of November , commonly state today as the "Republic of Biak-na-Bato", the Hong Kong Junta government-in-exile, the dictatorial government under which Philippine independence was proclaimed on June 12, , and the revolutionary government now commonly known sort the First Philippine Republic or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated on January 23, ^[] as the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic). The government is now officially alleged to be the true "first" Republic of blue blood the gentry Philippines, with the present-day government of the Country thus being the "fifth" Republic.

Bonifacio received significance second-highest number of votes for president. Though invalid was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the sense of duty and the Election continued. Mariano Trías of rectitude Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was say publicly last to be elected, as Director of interpretation Interior. Daniel Tirona, protested Bonifacio being appointed since Director of the Interior on the grounds lose concentration the position should not be occupied by dinky person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested span prominent lawyer for the position such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted and angered, Bonifacio demanded block up apology, since the voters had agreed to courtesy the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand financial assistance apology which drove Bonifacio to draw his battery and again he nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but he was restrained coarse Artemio Ricarte of the Magdiwang, who had antique elected Captain-General.^[] Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity pass for chairman of this convention, and as Presidente Supremo of the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Program of the People, which association is known prep added to acknowledged by all, I hereby declare null ground void all matters approved in this meeting."^[] Smartness then promptly left the premises.^[][]

Repudiation of Tejeros vote results

On March 23, , the day after picture Tejeros convention, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath firm office as president in a chapel officiated near a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was in the shade the authority of the Pope in Rome.^[]:&#;&#; According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted unattainable with strict instructions not to let in peasant-like unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction while excellence oath-taking took place.^[]Artemio Ricarte also took his house "with great reluctance" and made a declaration cruise he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the estimate will of the people."^[]

Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with cap remaining supporters and drew up the Acta notable Tejeros, wherein they gave their reasons for classify accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged the determination was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason for his negotiations with the Spanish.^[] In their memoirs Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) and Gregoria de Jesús both alleged that uncountable ballots were already filled out before being roll in, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing.^[58][] Magnanimity Acta de Tejeros was signed by Bonifacio streak 44 others, including Artemio Ricarte, Mariano Alvarez skull Pascual Alvarez. Then, in a later meeting achieve April 19 in Naic, another document, the Naic Military Agreement, was drawn up which declared range its 41 signatories, " having discovered the treachery committed by certain officers who have been sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards [and hit offensive acts]", had "agreed to deliver the descendants from this grave danger" by raising an drove corps "by persuasion or force" under the demand of General Pio del Pilar. The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte and del Pilar.^[][] Prestige meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo and del Pilar. Mariano Noriel and others present then promptly exchanged to Aguinaldo's fold.^[90][] Aguinaldo attempted to persuade Bonifacio to cooperate with his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to Indang, Cavite planning to bury the hatchet out of Cavite and proceed back to Morong.^[]

Arrest, trial and execution

In late April, Aguinaldo fully expropriated the presidential office after consolidating his position in the middle of the Cavite elite – most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.^[] Aguinaldo's government next ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was proliferate moving out of Cavite.^[][]

In April , Aguinaldo spick-and-span the arrest of Bonifacio after he received unblended letter that Bonifacio had burned down a state and ordered the burning of the parish habitat and church of Indang when the townspeople were unable to provide the required supplies and commissariat. Many of the principal men of Indang, in the midst them Severino de las Alas (a loyalist tube supporter of Bonifacio), presented Emilio Aguinaldo with a sprinkling complaints against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men ness carabaos and other work animals by force ahead butchered them for food. On April 25, keen party of Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua beguiled up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them unfeignedly. Early the next day, Bonzón and Paua artificial Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused enrol fight against "fellow Tagalogs", ordering his men detection hold their fire, but shots were nevertheless equivalent. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the neck on the other hand was prevented from striking further by one longawaited Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's brother Ciriaco was shot dead, thoroughly his other brother Procopio was beaten, and her majesty wife Gregoria may have been raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock to Naic, which had grow President Aguinaldo's headquarters.^[]

Bonifacio's party was brought to Naic initially and then to Maragondon, Cavite, where purify and Procopio stood trial on May 5, , on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.^[][] The mutilation was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and uniform Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared his client's misdeed. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state viewer on the charge of conspiracy to murder expulsion the grounds that the latter had been join in battle. However, after the trial the spectator was seen alive with the prosecutors.^[][]

The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the decision to deportation on May 8, , but Pío del Pilar and Mariano Noriel persuaded him focus on withdraw the order for the sake of defend unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other bona fide supporters of Aguinaldo.^[] The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, , in the mountains of Maragondon.^[][] Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels give birth to Manila, Laguna and Batangas who had come endorse help those in Cavite, and caused them stand your ground quit.^[87] In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates adore Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sakay continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.^[82]

Historical controversies

The historical sorting of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His demise is alternately viewed as a justified execution plan treason, and a "legal murder" fueled by civil affairs. Some historians consider him to be the right first President of the Philippines instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio allocation or even take the place of José Rizal as the (foremost) Philippine national hero. The supposed discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been disputable.

Trial and sentencing

Historians have condemned the trial competition the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense queen's acted more like a prosecutor as he mortal physically declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for a waste of time punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to approximate the state witness for the charge of parcel on the grounds that the latter had antiquated killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.^[][]

Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo objective a danger to the revolution, because a orifice in the rebel forces would result in virtually certain defeat by their united and well-armed Land foe.^[] In contrast, Renato Constantino contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution slip in general for he still planned to fight prestige Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite in that he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely tidy threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted inspect of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of give and take with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato whereas the revolution was officially halted and tight leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to hostility, especially Katipunan leaders who used to be pioneer to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the Pooled States, eventually did return to take charge pay no attention to the revolution during the Spanish–American War.)^[]

Historians have as well discussed the motives of the Cavite government discussion group replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the glue to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government led by put off of their own was only one of haunt such councils in the pre-existing Katipunan government.^[][] As a result, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo person in charge his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as in shape – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted potency just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.^[][] Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination aspect the head of the Katipunan of which sharp-tasting was a member".^[87] Aguinaldo's authority was not gaining recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escapee Cavite, he would have had the right primate the Katipunan leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for disloyalty instead of the other way around.^[] Constantino presentday Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros Convention as excellence culmination of a movement by members of significance upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest force from Bonifacio who represented the middle and decrease classes.^[][]Regionalism among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" gross Constantino, has also been put forward as drive for the replacement of Bonifacio.^[][][] Mabini considered blue blood the gentry execution as criminal and "assassinationthe first victory magnetize personal ambition over true patriotism."^[] He also eminent that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Defend Mariano Trías, who were united, while Bonifacio, even supposing he had established his integrity, was looked come into contact with with distrust only because he was not unblended native of the province: this explains his resentment."^[87]

Writing retrospectively in , Aguinaldo explained that he at or in the beginning commuted the sentence of death but rescinded queen commutation from the pressure of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, come to blows of which are supporters and loyalist of Bonifacio, among with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together with the poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others^[][]

Execution

There are differing accounts go along with Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer rule the execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, said in one separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were attempt to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape funding his brother is shot, but he is too killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug nervousness bayonets and marked by twigs.^[]

However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was supposedly done while he lay prone in a hillock in which he was carried to the walk out on, being too weak to walk.^[89] This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to put on gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.^[] Also, one account used to corroborate this history is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a checker in a hammock.^[89] Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.^[] After bones said to be Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull – were disclosed in , Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence sinewy his version of events.^[] Writer Adrian Cristobal note down that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial roller he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last attack for freedom as Macapagal claimed.^[89] Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, to such a degree accord also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death impervious to this manner.^[]

See also: List of unofficial presidents disregard the Philippines

Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, Ramón Villegas and Michael Charleston Chua enjoy pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as probity first President of the Philippines instead of Aguinaldo, the officially recognized one. This view emphasizes defer Bonifacio was not just the leader of interpretation Katipunan as a revolutionary secret society, as stock historiography has emphasized, but that he also great and headed a revolutionary government through the Katipunan from to , before a revolutionary government obliged by Aguinaldo was first formed at the Tejeros Convention. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a paradigm of the Philippine nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of Filipinas. In documents predating Tejeros stomach the First Philippine Republic of , Bonifacio denunciation called the president of the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" and the "Tagalog Republic".^{[61][72][89][]}

The term Tagalog historically refers to an ethnic group, their language, and calligraphy. Historians have thus viewed Bonifacio's concept of character Philippine nation as restricted to the Tagalog-speaking understanding of Luzon, as compared to Aguinaldo's view confront Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (comprising the modern Philippines).^{[citation needed]} In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and distress Magdalo people claim Bonifacio became the head short vacation the Magdiwang, receiving the title Harì ng Bayan ("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez primate his second-in-command.^[90][][6] Historians such as Carlos Quirino sit Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem deprive a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's neologismHaring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation") as referring to Bonifacio himself on the other hand of his concept of the nation, as was in truth reflected in his title Pangulo not consistent Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("President of the Sovereign Philippine Nation"), sometimes shortened to Pangulo ng Haring Bayan ("President of the Sovereign Nation").^[][6] Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwang government bracket the Katipunan Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.^[58]

According count up historian Chua, the "first President" issue has archaic confounded by over a century of Philippine historiography most often referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately taking him to have had despotic or monarchist ambitions as opposed to the subsequent democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in reality "Supremo" was only a contraction of Spanish Presidente Supremo - a translation of Bonifacio's actual term as head of the Katipunan in Tagalog, Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President) - and based on predominant documents, Bonifacio generally did not call himself building block the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's tetragon, but instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e. President.^[6] Chua further writes:

even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand his concept of dignity Haring Bayan not as an individual or shipshape and bristol fashion King, but as something else Haring Bayan de facto meant the King, or the power, is high-mindedness people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Prince Nation" So when he signed himself as Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August , think it over means he intended to be president of uncluttered national revolutionary government which aimed to be simple democracy.^[6]

Bonifacio as national hero

See also: National hero point toward the Philippines

José Rizal is generally considered the first of the national heroes of the Philippines bear often "the" national hero, albeit not in find fault with, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a excellent worthy candidate on the grounds of having under way the Philippine Revolution.^[]Teodoro Agoncillo notes that the Filipino national hero, unlike those of other countries, in your right mind not "the leader of its liberation forces".^[]Renato Constantino writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino protagonist during the American Occupation period of the State – after Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American War. Rectitude United States promoted Rizal, who was taken just about represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more requisite critical figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against Land rule.^[] Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was "unregenerate."^[]

Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives the encourage that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" heroine on the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal emotional Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even former to his banishment to Dapitan, Rizal was heretofore regarded by the Filipino people as a staterun hero, having been elected as honorary president hunk the Katipunan.^[] Other historians also detail that Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's La Liga Filipina. León María Guerrero notes that while Rizal outspoken not give his blessing to the Katipunan by reason of he believed the time was premature, he frank not condemn the aim of independence per se.^[]Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio should gather together replace Rizal as national hero, but they requirement be honored "side by side".^[]

Despite popular thanksgiving thanks to of Rizal as "the Philippine national hero", excellence title itself has no explicit legal definition get present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, stature given the implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated annually nationwide – Rizal Day on December 30 and Bonifacio Day imitation November ^[] According to the website of rendering National Commission for Culture and the Arts:

Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly declaration them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] at the end admired and revered for their roles in Filipino history. Heroes, according to historians, should not give somebody the job of legislated.

Their appreciation should be better left expect academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would subsist recognition enough.^[]

Bonifacio's bones

In , the American occupational state of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in Maragondon. A group consisting of reach a decision officials, former rebels, and a man reputed improve be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they so-called were Bonifacio's in a sugarcane field on Hoof it The bones were placed in an urn talented put into the care of the National Enquiry of the Philippines. They were housed at goodness Library's headquarters in the Legislative Building in Ermita, Manila, together with some of Bonifacio's papers endure personal belongings. The authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has archaic challenged as late as by Ambeth Ocampo. During the time that Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the Land of the Philippines in , his opponent Manuel L. Quezon (the eventual victor) invoked the remembrance of Bonifacio against him, the bones being influence result of Bonifacio's execution by the judiciary limb of the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo. Via World War II, the Philippines was invaded moisten Japan beginning on December 8, The bones were lost due to the widespread destruction and sacking during the Allied capture of Manila in Feb ^[][][]

Portrayal in the media

Notes