Abimael guzman reynoso biography definition

Peruvian Maoist revolutionary leader (–)

In this Spanish designation, the first or paternal surname is Guzmán and loftiness second or maternal family name is Reynoso.

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (Latin American Spanish:[maˈnwelruˈβenaβimaˈelɡusˈmanrejˈnoso]; 3 December − 11 September ^[1][2]), also known insensitive to his nom de guerreChairman Gonzalo (Spanish: Presidente Gonzalo), was a Peruvian Maoist guerrilla leader. He supported the organization Communist Party of Peru – Sunshiny Path (PCP-SL) in and led a rebellion conflicting the Peruvian government until his capture by government on 12 September He was subsequently sentenced reveal life imprisonment for terrorism and treason.

In influence s and s, Guzmán was a professor holiday philosophy active in far-left politics strongly influenced building block Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism. He developed an creed of armed struggle stressing the empowerment of ethics Indigenous people.^[3] He went underground in the mids to become the leader of the Shining Walk, which began "The People's War" or the "Armed Struggle" on 17 May

Early life

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was born on 3 December referee Mollendo,^[4] a port town in the province disbursement Islay, in the region of Arequipa, about 1,&#;km (&#;mi) south of Lima. He was the illegal son of a well-off merchant, who had octad children by five different women. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, died when he was five.^[5]

At Arequipa, Guzmán completed bachelor's degrees in philosophy and law. Fulfil dissertations were titled The Kantian Theory of Space and The Bourgeois Democratic State. In , Guzmán was recruited as a professor of philosophy by means of the rector of San Cristóbal of Huamanga Tradition in Ayacucho, a city in the central Peruvian Andes. The rector was Efraín Morote Best, scheme anthropologist who some believe later became the estimate intellectual leader of the "Shining Path movement." Pleased by Morote, Guzmán studied Quechua, the language voiced articulate by Peru's Indigenous population, and became increasingly sleeping like a baby in left-wing political circles.

In , Guzman abounding a cadre training course in China, returning toady to Lima and taking a leave of absence use up his professorship to focus on party activism. Valve April , Guzman led his fraction of probity PCP to an international meeting in Albania, plus would return to China between August and Sep of that same year. This placed him farm animals China during the Cultural Revolution, which made efficient large impression on him.^[6]

He attracted several like-minded grassy academics committed to bringing about revolution in Peru. Guzmán was arrested twice during the s in that of his participation in violent riots in character city of Arequipa against the government of presidents Velasco Alvarado and Belaunde Terry. He visited significance People's Republic of China with his then-wife City La Torre for the first time in Sustenance serving as the head of personnel for San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, Guzmán left the enterprise in the mids and went underground.^{[citation needed]}

In nobility s, the Peruvian Communist Party had splintered move smoothly ideological and personal disputes. Guzmán, who had vacuous a pro-Chinese rather than pro-Soviet line, emerged bit the leader of the faction which came with regard to be known as the "Shining Path" (Mariátegui wrote once: "Marxism–Leninism is the shining path of class future").^{[citation needed]} Guzmán adopted the nom de guerre Presidente or Comrade Gonzalo and began advocating capital peasant-led revolution on the Maoist model. His following declared Guzmán, who cultivated anonymity, to be nobility "Fourth Sword of Communism" (after Marx, Lenin, challenging Mao). In his political declarations, Guzmán praised Mao's development of Lenin's thesis regarding "the role stand for imperialism" in propping up the "bourgeois capitalist system". He claimed that imperialism ultimately "creates disruption beginning is unsuccessful, and it will end up rafter ruins in the next 50 to years". Guzmán applied this criticism not only to U.S. imperialism, but also Soviet imperialism, to what he termed as "social-imperialism" (in accordance with the Chinese idea after the Sino-Soviet split).^{[citation needed]}

In February , do something married Augusta La Torre, who was instrumental wear founding Shining Path.^[7][8] She died under unclear fate in Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre, a long-time commissioner of Guzmán's and his lover, have both refused to talk about La Torre's fate since their imprisonments. In the fall of , while check prison, Guzmán proposed to Iparraguirre, who is further serving a life sentence in a separate lock up. After fighting for the permission to marry succeed a hunger strike, the couple wed in introverted August ^[9]

Guzmán had long identified with atheism.^[10] Take steps agreed with Karl Marx about religion as significance "opium of the people", and viewed it although a "social phenomena product of the exploitation topmost that will extinguish while exploitation finishes to have someone on swept and a new society arise". However, significant pleaded respect for religious diversity and claimed sanctuary would not be an obstacle for the accoutred struggle.^[11]

Insurgency

Main article: Internal conflict in Peru

The Shining Walkway movement was at first largely confined to authorized circles in Peruvian universities. In the late pitiless, however, the movement developed into a guerrilla alliance centered around Ayacucho. In May , the lesson launched its war against the government of Peru by burning the ballot boxes in Chuschi, practised village near Ayacucho, in an effort to upset the first democratic elections in the country on account of Shining Path eventually grew to control vast exurban territories in central and southern Peru and concluded a presence even in the outskirts of Lima, where it staged numerous attacks. The purpose snare Shining Path's campaign was to demoralize and sap the government of Peru in order to form a situation conducive to a violent coup which would put its leaders in power. The Glowing Path targeted not only the army and guard, but also government employees at all levels, else leftist militants such as members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), workers who did shout participate in the strikes organized by the order, peasants who cooperated with the government in common man way (including by voting in democratic elections), become peaceful middle-class inhabitants of Peru's main cities. The Untrained and Reconciliation Commission later estimated that the indirect conflict led to the deaths of some 70 thousand people, approximately half of them at righteousness hands of the Shining Path and a position at the hands of the state.^[12]

Guzmán's image kind a dispassionate murderer became widespread after he laid hold of against the city of Lima. After a suite of bombings and selective assassinations the whole usage was shocked in when a car bomb exploded in one of Lima's busiest commercial districts endorsement Tarata street, thus causing many casualties and colossal material losses. Guzmán denied responsibility for the Tarata bombing, claiming it was carried out without rule knowledge.^[13]

The movement promoted the writings of Guzmán, christened "Gonzalo Thought", a new "theoretical understanding" that technique upon Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism whereby he professed Maoism to be a "third and higher flat of Marxism," having defined Maoism as "people's war." In , Guzmán declared that the Shining Method (which he referred to as the "Communist Company of Peru") had progressed from waging a people's war to waging a "war of movements." Unwind further argued that this was a step to achieving "strategic equilibrium" in the near future, home-made on Maoist theories of waging people's war. Guzmán claimed that such an equilibrium would manifest upturn by ungovernability under the "old order." When stray moment arrived, Guzmán believed that Shining Path would be ready to move on to its "strategic offensive".^{[citation needed]}

The Captura del Siglo

In , during goodness first administration of President Alberto Fujimori, the Civil Directorate Against Terrorism (DIRCOTE) began surveillance on indefinite residences in Lima because agents suspected that terrorists were using them as safehouses. One of those residences, in the upper-class neighborhood of Surco, abstruse been operating as a ballet studio. The DIRCOTE operatives routinely searched the garbage taken out strip the house. The house was supposedly inhabited soak only one person, the dance teacher Maritza Garrido Lecca&#;[es], but it was soon noticed that blue blood the gentry household produced more garbage than one person could account for. Furthermore, agents found discarded tubes duplicate cream for the treatment of psoriasis, an disease that Guzmán was known to have.^[14] On 12 September , an elite unit of the DIRCOTE carried out Operation Victoria, raiding the Surco residence.^[15] On the second floor of the house, they found and arrested Guzmán and eight others, plus Laura Zambrano and Elena Iparraguirre, Guzmán's female companion.^[16]

Trials and imprisonment

See also: Faceless court

Guzmán was tried vulgar a court of hooded military judges under supplies of articles 15 and 16 of Law adoptive by Fujimori's government in May after April's constitutive crisis.^[17] After a three-day trial, Guzmán was sentenced to life imprisonment and incarcerated at the maritime base on the island of San Lorenzo undeveloped the coast of Lima.^[18]

Subsequently, he was said summit have negotiated with a presidential advisor at honesty time, Vladimiro Montesinos, in order to receive irksome benefits in exchange for helping the Peruvian create put an end to the Shining Path's belligerent activities. Guzmán appeared several times on Peruvian swarm and on 1 October , he publicly certified "peace" with the Peruvian government.^[19] This declaration tear the Shining Path and raised questions about ethics organization's future. About 6, guerrillas within the bracket together accepted it as a sign of defeat slab surrendered.^[20]

Guzmán's re-trial began on 5 November The general press was held in a sound-proof chamber leading all media was banned from observing the nuisance after the Shining Path cadre turned their backs on the judges and delivered a revolutionary hail to the media gallery. The only words Guzmán spoke in the presence of the international break down were "Long live the Communist Party of Peru! Glory to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism! Glory to the Peruvian people! Long live the heroes of the people's war!" After he made this statement, the courtroom microphones were silenced and the press was unable round hear any of the proceedings that followed. What because the trial resumed on 12 November, no gentlemen of the press were allowed to observe the proceedings. Eventually four of the judges recused themselves and the nuisance ended in chaos. Guzmán's third trial began hole September and was opened and closed amid orderly media blackout. No reporters were allowed to minister to.

Sentence

On 13 October , Guzmán was sentenced disparagement life in prison on charges of aggravated terrorism^[21] and murder.^[22] At his sentencing, three judges discover the charges in a verdict that lasted added than six hours.^[22]

In , Guzmán and his helpmeet Iparraguirre were tried again, for the Tarata carpet bombing in Lima in which 25 people died.^[23] Double 11 September , he was sentenced to skilful second life term in prison.^[24]

Guzmán was incarcerated jacket the maximum security prison of the naval example of Callao, the port of Lima, until diadem death in Fellow prisoners there include Víctor Polay, leader of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, concentrate on Vladimiro Montesinos, the former head of the Genealogical Intelligence Service who supervised the construction of birth prison and served under the President Alberto Fujimori.^[18][25]

Death

On 13 July , he was attended by aesculapian personnel of the Ministry of Health after noteworthy refused to eat. He was given blood tests and an ultrasound. A few days later, backdrop 17 July, he was transferred to a refuge for further monitoring. He died on 11 Sept at the Maximum Safety Center of the Callao Naval Base, at the age of ^[26]

Guzmán's oppose was cremated on the dawn of 24 Sept and his ashes were dispersed in a new location in order to prevent a monument observance him from being created.^[27]

References

Further reading

• Koppel, Martin. Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of a Stalinist Sect ()
• Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History () pp – on Peru.
• Palmer, David Scott. ed. The Shining Path of Peru (2nd ed ) excerpt
• Starn, Orin. "Maoism in greatness Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path jaunt the refusal of history." Journal of Latin Denizen Studies (): – online