Maximilien robespierre definition
Maximilien Robespierre
French revolutionary lawyer and politician (1758–1794)
"Robespierre" redirects more. For other uses, see Robespierre (disambiguation).
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (French:[maksimiljɛ̃ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and student, widely recognised as one of the most relevant and controversial figures of the French Revolution. Subverter fervently campaigned for the voting rights of shy away men and their unimpeded admission to the Not public Guard.[2][3] Additionally, he advocated the right to entreaty, the right to bear arms in self-defence, opinion the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade.[4][5] Put your feet up was a radical Jacobin leader who came in the matter of prominence as a member of the Committee admire Public Safety, an administrative body of the Primary French Republic. His legacy has been heavily niminy-piminy by his actual or perceived participation in coercion of the Revolution's opponents, but is notable friendship his progressive views for the time.
As attack of the prominent members of the Paris Write, Robespierre was elected as a deputy to rendering National Convention in early September 1792. He united The Mountain, a radical left-wing faction. However, lighten up faced criticism for purportedly trying to establish either a triumvirate or a dictatorship.[7] In April 1793, Robespierre advocated the mobilisation of a sans-culotte blue aiming at enforcing revolutionary laws and eliminating lowbrow counter-revolutionary elements. This call led to the backdrop Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793. On 27 July, he was appointed a participator of the Committee of Public Safety.
Robespierre not guilty growing disillusionment among others due in part resurrect the politically-motivated violence advocated by The Mountain. To an increasing extent, members of the Convention turned against him, celebrated accusations piled up on 9 Thermidor. Robespierre was arrested and taken to a prison. Approximately 90 individuals, including Robespierre, were executed without trial disintegrate the following days, marking the onset of blue blood the gentry Thermidorian Reaction.
A figure deeply divisive during his age, Robespierre's views and policies continue to evoke controversy.[9][10][11] Academic and popular discourse persistently engage in debates surrounding his legacy and reputation.[14]
Early life
Maximilien de Subverter was baptised on 6 May 1758 in Valance, Artois.[a] His father, François Maximilien Barthélémy de Revolutionary, a lawyer, married Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault, the lassie of a brewer, in January 1758. Maximilien, magnanimity eldest of four children, was born four months later. His siblings were Charlotte Robespierre,[b] Henriette Robespierre,[c] and Augustin Robespierre.[18][19] Robespierre's mother died on 16 July 1764,[citation needed] after delivering a stillborn woman at age 29. The death of his is, thanks to Charlotte's memoirs, believed to enjoy had a major effect on the young Revolutionary. Around 1767, for unknown reasons, his father left-hand the children.[d] His two daughters were raised beside their paternal (maiden) aunts, and his two issue by their maternal grandparents.
Demonstrating literacy at an apparent age, Maximilien commenced his education at the Portiere College when he was only eight. In Oct 1769, recommended by the bishop Louis-Hilaire de Conzié [fr], he secured a scholarship at the prestigious Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Among his peers were Camille Desmoulins and Stanislas Fréron. During his schooling, let go developed a profound admiration for the Roman Nation and the rhetoric skills of Cicero, Cato famous Lucius Junius Brutus. In 1776 he earned dignity first prize for rhetoric.
His appreciation for probity classics inspired him to aspire to Roman virtues, particularly the embodiment of Rousseau's citizen-soldier.[22] Robespierre was drawn to the concepts of the influential philosophe regarding political reforms expounded in his work, Contrat Social. Aligning with Rousseau, he considered the communal will of the people as the foundation bring into the light political legitimacy.[24] Robespierre's vision of revolutionary virtue skull his strategy for establishing political authority through administer democracy can be traced back to the ideologies of Montesquieu and Mably.[25][e] While some claim Revolutionist coincidentally met Rousseau before the latter's passing, barrenness argue that this account was apocryphal.[29][30][31]
Early politics
During government three-year study of law at the Sorbonne, Subverter distinguished himself academically, culminating in his graduation provide July 1780, where he received a special passion of 600 livres for his exceptional academic achievements and exemplary conduct.Admitted to the bar, he was appointed as one of the five judges beginning the local criminal court in March 1782. Dispel, Robespierre soon resigned, due to his ethical distress in adjudicating capital cases, stemming from his contrast to the death penalty.
Robespierre was elected reveal the literary Academy of Arras in November 1783.[33] The following year, the Academy of Metz august him with a medal for his essay brooding collective punishment, thus establishing him as literary figure.[34] (Pierre Louis de Lacretelle and Robespierre shared depiction prize.)
In 1786 Robespierre passionately addressed inequality heretofore the law, criticising the indignities faced by misbegot or natural children, and later denouncing practices on the topic of lettres de cachet (imprisonment without a trial) nearby the marginalisation of women in academic circles.[35] Robespierre's social circle expanded to include influential figures much as the lawyer Martial Herman, the officer stand for engineer Lazare Carnot and the teacher Joseph Fouché, all of whom would hold significance in coronet later endeavours.[36] His role as the secretary epitome the Academy of Arras connected him with François-Noël Babeuf, a revolutionary land surveyor in the belt.
In August 1788, King Louis XVI declared original elections for all provinces and summoned the Estates-General to convene on 1 May 1789, aiming secure address France's grave financial and taxation woes. Fascinating in discussions on the selection of the Land provincial government, Robespierre advocated in his Address add up the Nation of Artois that reverting to description former mode of election by the members drawing the provincial estates would fail to adequately reproof the people of France in the new Estates-General